Understanding User Experience, Satisfaction, and Loyalty of Telecommunication Service Providers in Indonesia

Abstract

Recently, Indonesia telecommunication industry has gradually increased since the government issued the law regarding the change of economic system become oligopoly competition. This has an impact on a price war among telecommunication service providers, which one of them is cellular operators industry. This research focuses its intention to support conceptually the relationship among user experience, satisfaction, and loyalty. Research sample was 400 Indonesian users of GSM-based cellular operator with the instrument of 58 questionnaire items and collected using self-administered online survey. The model was tested using Smart PLS for variance-based structural equation modeling with the method of partial least square. The results showed that loyalty was positively influenced by satisfaction and user experience. Furthermore, satisfaction was found mediate the relationship between user experience and loyalty. It has the implication when users’ had a good experience towards their cellular operator hence they will feel satisfied and attain to be loyal. In addition, this research model was fit to the context since in the criteria of high in goodness of fit, predictive blindfolding, and coefficient of determination.

Keywords: Cellular operatorloyaltysatisfactionservice providersuser experienceIndonesia

Introduction

The competition in Indonesian industry has developed quickly. This condition prompts rivalry to reach benefit through market expansion to attract new customers and the capacity to keep up the existing customer to maintain customer loyalty. This phenomenon also occurs in the telecommunication industry which is marked by the price war of each operator since they sell the same product and service to the customer or user (Rachmawati & Mohaidin, 2017). Recently, information and Communication Technology is something that can't be isolated from public life and ended up noticeably one of the critical need to bolster individuals' exercises, for example, connecting people without limit time and distance, getting the most recent data, and supporting business activities. One of the ways to meet the needs is by using the internet data services. Advances in the internet technology have changed the ways people looking at the environment around them and the world in the era of globalization. On one hand, the globalization expands the market of products. On the other hand, it increases the sharpness of the competition involving the advancement of the information and communication technology which keeps developing to become increasingly more and more sophisticated (Sitinjak, 2005).

The Indonesian telecommunication industry showed rapid growth and become stringent since the government issued the policy of competition from monopoly became oligopoly through Law No. 36 of 1999. Besides that the competition among telecommunication industries was also accelerated by advances in communications technology that uses radio frequency spectrum as an alternative means of telecommunications that were previously only rely on cable and satellite networks (Rachmawati & Mohaidin, 2017; Utoyo, 2015). Internet subscribers in Indonesia is annually increased and the marketers predict that it will gradually enlarged until 2018 (Statista, 2016). Most of the users use internet through smartphone because this device is easy to carried anywhere and anytime (Utoyo, 2015). The smartphone can be used if there is a sim card inside which is provided by cellular operator. So that, cellular operator become one of the fast growing companies in Indonesian telecommunication industry. This is showed by the increasing demands of telecommunication technology in both quality and quantity which is causes the competition in telecommunication industry becoming more severe (Hasan & Afifah, 2007).

There are two types of cellular operators based on technology, the first is GSM-based cellular operators and the second one is CDMA-based cellular operators. GSM-based cellular operators consist of four companies, i.e. Telkomsel, Indosat Ooredoo, XL Axiata, and Hutchison 3. While, only Smartfen which is based on CDMA. This research only focus on GSM-based cellular operators for the reason that the price war is happened in this part (Hasan & Afifah, 2007). The conditions of cellular operators until this time can be concluded, such as: firstly, the numer of users is getting increased but some of them are inactive users. Secondly, the growth of users are in stagnant condition for Telkomsel, Indosat Ooredoo, and 3 but XL Axiata is getting lower. Thirdly, average revenue per user is considered in low price which is reversely with the customer churn in high number (IndoTelko, 2014).

Prior researches argued that customer loyalty can be reached if customer feel satisfy with the product or service that they already got by their previous experience (Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard, & Hogg, 2006; Chang & Chen, 2008, 2009; Deng, Lu, Kwok, & Zhang, 2010; Tarus & Rabach, 2013; Kim, Siew, Younghoon, & Park, 2016). It was found that experience in the stage of cognitive phase able to influence satisfaction in the stage of affective phase and loyalty in the stage of conative/action phase (Oliver, 1999). Additionally, the preceeding researchers stated that the relationship on these phases could be strengthen and/or mediated by corporate image (Aisya, 2016; Amin, Ahmad, & Lim, 2012; Calvo-Porral & Levy-Mangin, 2015; Gautam, 2011; Ghalandari, Babaeinia, & Jogh, 2013; Kim et al., 2016; Tarus & Rabach, 2013). Garret (2011) described that perceived user experience in using a particular technology includes the internet and the site referred to the user experience. Both marketers and telecommunication practitioners generally confirm that the obtained positive user experience with a product/service brand will affect the customers' perception of the brand into a more positive direction in building loyalty (Yoo, Donthu, & Lee, 2000). Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000) stated that the experience gained through participation and engagement of the users on the internet are likely to be stronger than user experience gained from other conventional media. Andreassen and Lindestad (1998) defined that corporate image refers to users’ set of beliefs toward the company. Corporate image is considered related to the overall experience on a company and become the influence factor that able to mediate or moderator the relationship between experience and satisfaction (Aydin, Ozer, & Arasil, 2005; Kim & Hyun, 2011; Kim et al., 2016). The better the corporate image of a cellular operator, the more satisfied the customers to its company (Wang, 2010). In addition, Tarus and Rabach (2013) found that corporate image able to strengthen the relationship between experience and loyalty. Compared to several previous researches, this research has intention to investigate and examine the relationship among user experience, satisfaction, and loyalty with the moderating role of corporate image. User experience affects towards satisfaction as well as it affects towards loyalty. So that, satisfaction is reflected as mediator between user experience and loyalty. Corporate image is not only considered as moderator between user experience and satisfaction, but also moderate the relationship between user experience and loyalty in Indonesia cellular operators. This will be the contribution in this research.

Problem Statement

Telecommunication industry is one of the businesses from various industries in Indonesia that increasingly tight competition, it can’t be denied telecommunication provides high impact in supporting the activities of users in performing daily activities. The number of cellular operatos users in Indonesia are gradually increased but there is a downward trend in the customer loyalty due to the similarity of the products and services offered by each cellular operator which causes a price war and raises the level of customers’ behavior to move or change the operators (i.e. customer churn; split customer and switcher customer). In facing the competiveness of the Indonesian Telecommunication industry, a company can retain its customers’ loyalty by observing the users’ experience and satisfaction through their perceptions and expectations.

Research Questions

• Is user experience significantly related to loyalty?

• Is user experience significantly related to satisfaction?

• Is satisfaction significantly related to loyalty?

• Is satisfaction mediate on the relationship between user experience and loyalty?

Purpose of the Study

• To investigate that user experience significantly related to loyalty.

• To investigate that user experience significantly related to satisfaction.

• To investigate that satisfaction significantly related to loyalty.

• To investigate whether satisfaction mediates the relationship between user experience and loyalty.

Research Methods

Research Framework

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Findings

Based on Table 01 , it can be seen that the outer loadings of 58 items are fulfilled the rule of thumbs in convergent validity since the outer loadings are above 0.7, cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability are in the range of 0.7-0.9, and AVE is above 0.5 (Ramayah, Cheah, Chuah, Ting, & Memon, 2018). Furthermore, Table 02 and Table 03 delineate the value of cross loadings and Fornel-Larcker criterion are suitable with the theory. Hence, it can be concluded that all data in this research are valid and reliable.

Respondents profile based on age, occupation, province, gender, cellular operator, usage time, card type, income, and usage cost. The results show that all of 400 respondents are spread evenly. The next process is analysing using Smart PLS software. Structural equation modeling tests is divided into assessment of the measurement model and assessment of the structural model. Assessment of the measurement model aims to assess convergent validity, discriminant validity, composite reliability, and cronbach’s alpha. Assessment of the structural model aims to assess Hypotheses testing, R², Q ² , Goodness of Fit (GoF), and NFI. Table 04 portrays the value of R², Q², GoF, NFI. The rule of thumbs for Q² is the model will be good prediction if the value above 0.00, GoF bigger than 0.1, and NFI must be higher than 0.80. In this research, the value of Q², GoF, NFI are accepted based on the rule of thumbs, it implicates that the model is fit and good prediction. The value of R² for Loyalty means loyalty can be explained by user experience and satisfaction for 71% in the criterion of moderate; The value of R² for Satisfaction means satisfaction can be explained by user experience for 88.9% in the criterion of substantial.

Conclusion

Based on the results in Table 04 and Table 05 , it can be described that this study contains 16 sub hypotheses based on research framework and the result shows there are 11 accepted sub hypotheses in direct effect model and mediator effect model. As can be seen in Table 05 , the relationship between user experience (functionality, social, monetary, perceived service quality, trustworthiness) and satisfaction can be divided into several sequences from the highest up to the lowest rating, for instances: perceived service quality is found have the greatest influence towards satisfaction, the second is functionality, the third is trustworthiness, the forth is monetary, and the lowest is social. Prior researches suggested that perceived service quality and customer perceived value also have direct effects on customer loyalty (Deng, et al., 2010; Lai, Griffin, & Babin, 2009). In this research, it was found that the relationship between user experience dimensions (functionality, social, monetary, trustworthiness, and perceived service quality) and loyalty must be fully mediated by satisfaction. According to the results of path coefficients, satisfaction is found to have the greatest affect towards loyalty; it indicated that satisfaction is much related to customer loyalty; thus increasing the level of satisfaction through improved functionality, monetary, trustworthiness, and perceived service quality is an effective tool to reach and retain loyalty. The result corroborates that of previous study (Caruana, 2002; Deng et al., 2010; Heung & Ngai, 2008). Perceived service quality becomes the most important determinants of satisfaction that consistent with the four stage loyalty framework of Oliver (1999) which states that customers’ perception of service quality was the main factor predicting customer satisfaction. Prior studies affirmed that the higher service quality hence the higher customer satisfaction (Calvo-Poral & Levy-Mangin, 2015; Deng et al, 2010; Gijon, Garin-Munoz, Perez-Amaral, & Lopez-Zorzano, 2013; Kassim & Abdullah, 2008; Tarus & Rabach, 2013). Customer based-Service quality had a significant and positive impact on customer satisfaction (Abd-El-Salam et al., 2013; Diaz, 2017). Several previous studies support functionality influences positively on satisfaction, moreover functionality provide researchers with ways to gain rich insights into consumers’ experiential consumption of a product or service, since the elements of value identified in the practices directly or indirectly reflect the extent to which the consumer values that product or service for its ability to facilitate the practices and built satisfaction (Sheth, Newman, & Gross, 1991; Woodruff, 1997; Sweeney & Soutar, 2001). Deng et al. (2010); Kao and Lin (2016); Kim et al. (2016) affirmed that satisfaction becomes a fully mediator between functionality and loyalty. According to Deng et al. (2010), “trust is always an important determinant of customer behaviour in electronic commerce and other mobile service research”. It means if a user trusts a service provider hence they will expect to increase satisfaction and loyalty towards the service provider (Kassim & Abdullah, 2008). Lopez-Miguens and Vazquez (2017) illustrated that when a user trusts in the provider to make transactions, they will assume that the provider will meet their expectations and will act looking for a positive result. Gerpott, Rams, & Schindler (2001) investigated to what extent monetary influences satisfaction and it has been found that satisfaction in broadband service derived from the price paid for obtaining access and using the internet, since price is the monetary amount one has to pay to purchase a provider. The results is in line with Tseng and Lo (2001) but contrary with Kim et al. (2016) that find monetary (i.e. device price) is not positively related to satisfaction because the device price is divided into several segment based on the function, feature, and brand. According to the findings, social affects positively on satisfaction which means satisfaction can be built from sense of belonging among users, feeling acceptable in a group, feeling of enhance social status when using their cellular operator (Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard, & Hogg, 2006; Kotler & Keller, 2016). Tis is contrary with Deng et al. (2010) which found there is no relationship between social and satisfaction. Andrews, Drennan, & Russell-Bennett (2012) argued that social value is not significant on satisfaction. Mishra and Dash (2014) stated satisfaction is not anteceded by social. In this study, satisfaction fully mediates positively on the relationship among functionality, social, monetary, trustworthiness, perceived service quality, and loyalty. It implies users will become loyal when they feel satisfy on their cellular operator that derived from user experience (functionality, social, monetary, trustworthiness, and perceived service quality). The higher level of satisfaction could lead to the higher level of loyalty, since emotional state of satisfaction in the affective stage positively influences loyalty in a variety of context, including mobile service. In addition, the finding that satisfaction serves as an antecedent of loyalty has been also acknowledged in the environment literature (Carlson, O’Cass, & Ahrholdt, 2015). As such, highly satisfied users with the cellular operator are likely to spread positive loyalty (Chuah, Marimuthu, Kandampully, & Bilgihan 2017). This work research the determinants of customer satisfaction and loyalty of cellular operators in Indonesia. The research has the following contributions. First, investigate customers’ perceptions of cellular operators in Indonesia based on user experience. Second, investigate the relationship among user experience, satisfaction, and loyalty. Thus, the research fills the gap in understanding this application, which is undergoing a process of rapid development. Finally, developing and validating a more comprehensive customer satisfaction and loyalty model in Indonesia cellular operators’ context than previous studies (Chang & Chen, 2008; Deng et al., 2010). It sheds some light on the relationships among user experience, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. The highest value of perceived service quality indicated customers agree that their cellular operator is delivered service excellent, innovative, reliable, and responsive. The second value is functionality that portrayed customers decide the function of their cellular operators is reliable, fulfil their needs well, good network quality, high performance, and stable quality. The third value is trustworthiness means that based on user experience, they believe that their cellular operator is honest, caring, trustworthy, secure, and the most important thing is value them as customers. The forth is monetary that described customers decide the price of using their operator is reasonable, economic, worth to be paid, and cheap. Meanwhile social is not found mediated by satisfaction nor affected loyalty, which means that their cellular operator did not make them feel acceptable in their group, no sense belonging of other customers, and not enhance their social status. As with any research, care should be taken when generalizing the results of this research. Firstly, the survey was conducted using self-administered online survey and employed a non-probability quota sampling. The online survey method was appropriate for collecting data from participants with cellular operator experience and who were free of geographical constraints. Secondly, this research considers there are no age border, gender border, and geographic border among the respondents in the three regions in Indonesia, including Western part of Indonesia, Central part of Indonesia, and Eastern part of Indonesia. Thirdly, this research measured factors that contributing loyalty based on five dimensions of user experience, satisfaction and moderating role of corporate image. Finally, future research should attempt to further examine the role of user experience in loyalty model. However, other variables, such as switching cost, switching intention, and switching behavior should be considered in future research dealing with this topic.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express gratitude towards School of Economics and Business, Telkom University and Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, who greatly support this research.

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