Levels of Urbanization in Bangalore Urban District of Karnataka, India

“In order to understand the percentage of urbanization in Bangalore Urban District, it is computed with the help of the following formula.”

U PU - is the percentage of Urban Population

PU = — x 100 U - is the Urban Population, and

P P - is the Total Population

"In order to calculate the ratio of rural urban population in the study area, the following formula is also deduced.”

U UR - is the Urban - Rural Ratio,

UR = — U - is the Urban Population and

R R - is the Rural Population

The tempo of Urbanization is computed on the basis of annual population growth rate. The formula computed here to calculate the tempo of urbanization is as follow:

Tempo of PU = 1/n [ln (PU t+n /PU t)]* 100,

Tempo of PR = 1/n [ln (PR t+n/PR t)]* 100,

Where,

ln = natural log,

PU = t+n and PU t = percent urban in t+n ^th census and t ^th census respectively,

PR = t+n and PR t = percent urban in t+n ^th and t ^th census respectively,

n = census interval = 10 (Kumari, 2014).

Moreover, In the present paper, the levels of urbanization have been studied based on Z-Score. The score measures the departure of individual observation, expressed in a comparable form. After calculating the Z score, the level of urbanization of each taluk have been calculated by the following way-

Xi – X Zi is the standard score of the variable

Zi = ———— X is the mean for variable

SD X is the mean for variable

S.D. is the standard derivation.

Trends of urbanization in Bangalore Urban district:

The trends of Urbanization in Bangalore Urban District are seen to change in every decade from 1901 to 2011 (Table 01 & Figure 02 ). The total population in 1901 was 3,84,601 out of which 1,70,906 were urban population. The main reason for increase in urban population is considered as migration and most of the migrants are from the neighbouring areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala whereas most of the labour class population are from West Bengal and Bihar.

In 1951, the population increased to 12,53,542 with highest growth percentage of 89.8% compared to all other decades. In 1961, the rate of urbanization was 17.7 which were highest among other decades.

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In 1951, the population increased to 12, 53,542 with highest growth percentage of 89.8% compared to all other decades. In 1961, the rate of urbanization was 17.7 which were highest among other decades. The reason for expansion during this decade is not known before the year 1971. However, the percentage of urban growth decline to 37.6 percent which showed a negative decline in urban growth rate. The growth rate of urbanization again increased to 74.9 % in 1981. In 2011, the total population in the district was 96,21,551 out of which 87,49,944 were urban population where the growth rate was 51.9%. About 90% of the total population of Bangalore Urban district started staying in urbanized area. Industrialization, commercialization and IT sector attracted not only the rural population within the state but also across the country. Majority of the migrated family members settled in Bangalore due to good weather, educational institutions and affordable medical facilities.

Level of Urbanization:

“The level of urbanization is defined as relative number of people who reside in urban areas. Percent urban [(U/P) *100] and percent rural [(R/P) *100 and urban-rural ratio [(U/R) *100] are used to measure degree or level of urbanization” (Kumari, 2014, p. 61). These remain utmost frequently required to find out the levels of urbanization.

From Table 2 and as shown in figure 03 , it can be seen that the percentage of Urbanization has increased from 16.5% in 1911 to 51.9% in 2011. The highest percentage (89.8%) of urbanization was seen in 1951 but the proportion of rural population increased after 1.9 % in 1911 to 12.2 % in 2011. There is negative decline of rural percentage of 38.8% in the year 1961. The maximum percentage of rural population is seen in the year 1971 that is 85.5%. The Rural- Urban ratio trends to increase every year gradually. In 1901 the ratio was 0.8 but increased to 10.0 in 2011. The Bangalore Urban District is at the advance stage of urbanization. The graph with orange line showing urban population in the district shows a positive and trending growth in the level of urbanization whereas the line in blue colour showing rural population is declining in every decade.

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Taluk wise Trends of urbanization in Bangalore Urban district:

The level of Urbanization in Karnataka is higher in associated to the country level. The table 3 below shows the taluk wise level of Urbanization in Bangalore Urban District in the year 2011. The total urban population in the district is 87,49,944, out of which the highest number of urban population is in Bangalore City (8443675), followed by Anekal (165150), Bangalore North (82225), Bangalore South (50751) and Bangalore East (8143). The percentage of urban population to that of total population is seen to be highest in Bangalore City, Anekal taluk has 31.9% of urban population followed by Bangalore South (24.7%), Bangalore North (23.3%) and Bangalore East (7.9%) with least urban population compared to the total population. The decadal growth percentage of urban population in the district is seen to be highest in Bangalore City followed by Anekal Taluk whereas it shows a negative decline Bangalore North, Bangalore South and Bangalore East.

Taluk wise level of urbanization in Bangalore Urban district - 1991 to 2011:

The degree or level of urbanization is defined as relative number of people who live in urban areas. Percent urban [(U/P) *100] and percent rural [(R/P) *100 and urban-rural ratio [(U/R) *100] are used to measure degree of urbanization. These are most commonly used for measuring degree of urbanization. (Barakade & Todkari, 2014, p. 39)

In the present study, the levels of urbanization have been arranged into two categories (Positive and Negative) on basis of Z-Score as shown in Table 4 . The taluk wise level of urbanization in 2011 are shown by Z-Score where the taluks namely Anekal (-0.41), Bangalore North (-0.65), Bangalore South (-0.61) and Bangalore East (-1.09) are having negative Z-Score value which fall in negative level of urbanization category whereas only Bangalore City (1.51) with high Z-Score falls in Positive levels of Urbanization. The Table 4 and figure 05 shows that the wide range of variation of levels of urbanization in Bangalore Urban District, ranging from 100% urban population in Bangalore City taluk to 7.9%. in Bangalore East Taluk. Standard Deviation of level of urbanization has been calculated as 35.5%.

Decadal Growth Rate:

The table 05 & figure 04 shows that the decade wise growth rate of population in Bangalore Urban District in percentage. In the first decade, 1901-1911, the overall growth rate of total population is 0.8%, out of which 1.4% growth for urban population and 0.2 % for rural population. The annual growth of total population increased to 4.2% in the year 1941-1951, out of which 4.7% of the population is urban and 3.2% for rural population.

From, 2001 -2011, the growth rate was 3.2%, of which 3.4% for urban population. The yearly growth rate of the district for urban population started increasing every decade out of which the highest growth rate was seen in the year 1941-1951 i.e. 4.7% and 1971-1981 i.e. 4.3%. Decadal Growth Rate of Population in Bangalore Urban District (1901-2011). The positive growth of population in the Bangalore Urban district from 1951 is mainly result of migration. The centripetal force of migration was because of many opportunities for education, employment, business and non-agricultural activities. The rapidly expansion of the city is the pull factor for population explosion. The vast growth of urban population from 1951 was a period of intensive industrialization. The main reason for increase in Decadal growth rate of Urban population is because Bangalore is now the commercial and IT Hub if India. About 35% of working-class population are engaged in Information Technology sector and related industries in Bangalore and numerous global Information Technology firms are signing employees from other part of the country as well as abroad. “Four new companies start business in this state every week and they create 50,000 new jobs in one year”.

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Tempo of Urbanization:

“Tempo of urbanization means the speed of urbanization that shows the rate of change brought by urbanization. It is calculated based on annual population growth rates” (Kumari, 2014, p. 61). Tempo of urbanization refers to speed of urbanization and is measured as change registered in the level or degree of urbanization over the years. The tempo of urbanization is calculating between the rural and urban population from 1901 to 2011. The growth rate for rural population shows a negative decline since 1901 in each decade except 1961-1971. The tempo of urbanization in the district is seen to be highest in between 1951-1961 whereas it shows a negative decline of -0.63% in between 1961-1971 as shown in Table 4 . In terms of rural tempo, it showed a negative growth rate of -6.70% in the year 1951-1961 where it showed a positive increase to 2.36% in between 1961-1971 and again it declined to -3.92% between 1971-1981. Thereafter, it shows a sharp decline during the decade 1981-1991. As depicted in the table 06 and figure 05 below, it clearly shows that the tempo of urbanization in Bangalore Urban District is not uniform over the decades. The tempo of urbanization in the graph shows that there is rapid increase from 1941-61 because of industrialization. The migration is the main reason for search of employment, education and technology. Whereas the growth fell down to -0.63 in between 1961-71. Whereas in case of rural tempo the main decline is because of education, backwardness and technology constrains. Moreover, lack of employment leads to decline of rural population tempo.

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