Estimation Of The Gross Output Vector Of Inter-Sectoral Balance Of Macroeconomic System

Abstract

Inter-sectoral balance models in the economy are widely used. One of the main tasks solved using input – output analysis is the estimation of the gross output vector. This task refers to inverse problems. Inverse problems with a large number of variables are often ill conditioned. Solving ill conditioned problems leads to large errors in the solution, even with small errors in the source data. In this regard, the task of finding the gross output vector from inaccurate data is relevant. The paper considers the task of estimating the parameters of the gross output vector in the presence of errors in the direct cost matrix and the final consumption vector. The use of the total least squares (TLS) method is proposed. TLS estimation of the gross output vector is obtained using an augmented system of equations of inter-sectoral balance, which is equivalent to a normal biased system of linear equations. Numbers of condition for a normal biased system of equations of inter-sectoral balance and an equivalent augmented system of equations of inter-sectoral balance are given. Tests showed that the accuracy of the proposed estimate of the gross output vector is higher than that of the estimate obtained using the least squares (LS) method.

Keywords: Input–output analysisinter-sectoral balancetotal least squareerrors-in-variablesill conditioning

Introduction

Inter-sectoral balance models in the economy are widely used (Leontief, 1986; Miller & Blair, 2009). Input–output analysis is the name given to an analytical framework developed by Professor Wassily Leontief in the late 1930s, in recognition of which he received the Nobel Prize in Economic Science in 1973. Input – output analysis applications are discussed in (Alabi, Munday, Swales, & Turner, 2019; Cassar & Rapa, 2018; Wang, Jiang, & Li, 2018, Richter, Mendis, Nies, & Sutherland, 2019). One of the main tasks solved using input – output analysis is the estimation of the gross output vector. This task refers to inverse problems. Inverse problems with a large number of variables are often ill-conditioned. Solving ill conditioned problems leads to big errors in the solution, even with small errors in the source data. In this regard, the task of finding the gross output vector from inaccurate data is relevant.

Problem Statement

The system of equations of inter-sectoral balance can be written in matrix form:

X = A X + Y (1)

где X = х 1 x 2 х п ; A = a 11 a 12 a 1 n a 21 a 22 a 2 n a n 1 a n 2 a n n ; Y = y y 1 y 2 y п ,

X is gross output vector;

Y is vector of the final product;

A is direct cost matrix.

Equation (1) is called the linear inter-sectoral balance equation.

The main task of the inter-sectoral balance is to find such a vector of gross output X , which, given the known matrix of direct costs A , provides a given vector of the final product Y .

We transform the equation (1)

Χ - A X = Y I - A X = Y ,(2)

where is unit matrix of dimension n × n .

If the matrix I - A is singular, equation (2) has a unique solution

X = I - A - 1 Y (3)

When solving real economic applications, the direct cost matrix, as well as the vector of the final product are unknown, and only their estimates are known. In addition, estimates of these parameters obtained by different calculation methods may vary. To estimate the gross output vector, it is necessary to solve an overdetermined system of linear equations with errors in the right and left parts.

It is required to find an approximate solution to the system

I - A ~ X = Y ~ , (4)

где C R m × n , m n , , r a n k I - A = r a n k I - A , Y = n , Y R m ,

from approximate values

I - A ~ = I - A + Δ A , Y ~ = Y + Δ Y .

Research Questions

The paper is devoted to the estimation of the gross output vector of the inter-sectoral balance of a macroeconomic system. The issue of estimating the parameters of the gross output vector in the presence of errors in the direct cost matrix and the final consumption vector is considered. An estimate of the gross output vector based on an augmented system of equations, which is equivalent to a normal biased system of equations, is proposed.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the paper is to develop a methodology for estimating the gross output vector in the presence of errors in variables. The condition numbers for a normal bias system of inter-industry balance equations and an equivalent augmented system of inter-industry balance equations are given. Tests have shown that the accuracy of the proposed estimate of the gross output vector is higher than that obtained using the least squares method

Research Methods

Solving the problem of the total least squares method on the basis of a normal biased system of equations

Problem (4) can be solved by the total least squares method. The problem is reduced to finding a vector

X ^ = m i n X R n Y ~ - I - A ~ X 2 2 1 + X 2 2 (5)

There are several approaches to minimizing (5). The first approach is based on the fact that the solution of problem (2) requires calculating the minimum singular number of the extended matrix I - A ~ , Y ~ and the corresponding right singular vector corresponding to this number.

The problem of finding a singular vector is a nonlinear vector problem. Its numerical solution is associated with significant difficulties associated with the stability of search algorithms, convergence issues, and high computational complexity.

The second approach is based on solving a biased normal system. In (Zhdanov, 1988) it is shown that if the condition

σ = σ m i n I - A ~ , Y ~ < σ m i n I - A ~ (6)

The solution to problem (4) can be obtained from a biased normal system of equations

I - A ~ T I - A ~ - σ 2 I X = I - A ~ T Y ~ (7)

When solving system (7), only the scalar problem of finding the minimum singular number remains nonlinear σ m i n I - A ~ , Y ~ .

This task is always well-conditioned. The vector problem is linear. The system of linear algebraic equations (7) is always well-conditioned than the usual normal system. The condition number of the normal biased matrix is determined from the following relation:

c o n d 2 I - A ~ T I - A ~ - σ 2 I = σ m a x 2 I - A ~ - σ 2 σ m i n 2 I - A ~ - σ 2 . (8)

Solving the problem of the total least-squares method using an augmented system of equations with complex coefficients

In (Zhdanov & Shamarov, 2000) it is proposed to use an augmented system equivalent to a biased normal system.

C X - = Y - , (9)

or

I m 0 m × n k I - A ~ 0 n × m I n j k σ I n k I - A ~ T j k σ I n 0 n k r k r σ X = k Y ~ 0 0 , (10)

wherе k is arbitrary positive factor,

j - is imaginary unit , j = - 1 .

The condition number of the matrix C k has the form

c o n d 2 C k = 1 + k 2 μ m a x + k 2 σ 2 1 + k 2 μ m i n + k 2 σ 2 c o s 1 3 a r c c o s 3 3 2 k 2 μ m a x - σ 2 1 + k 2 μ m a x + k 2 σ 2 3 / 2 c o s π 3 + 1 3 a r c c o s 3 3 2 k 2 μ m i n - σ 2 1 + k 2 μ m i n + k 2 σ 2 3 / 2 , (11)

where μ m a x , μ m i n are maximum and minimum eigenvalues of the matrix I - A ~ I - A ~ T .

The problem of finding the minimum value of the condition number can be considered as the problem of choosing the optimal factor k :

i n f k > 0 c o n d 2 C k (12)

Problem (12) has no analytical solution, but can be solved by numerical methods. In practice, as an estimate, you can use

k ^ o p t = σ m a x I - A ~ + σ σ m i n I - A ~ + σ 2 σ m a x 2 I - A ~ + σ 2 . (13)

Problem (11) can be solved, for example, using the LU decomposition.

Findings

The gross output vector was estimated using 4 implementations of the system of equations (1) using the least squares method and the total least squares method based on the augmented system (11).

The values of the direct cost matrix are shown in Table 01 .

Table 1 -
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Errors in the input and output data were modeled by the addition of independent Gaussian distributed random variables N 0,0.03 . 50 simulations were performed.

Test cases were compared by the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of parameter estimation, defined as

δ X i = X ^ - X 0 / X 0 .

The simulation results in Matlab are presented in Figure 01 .

Figure 1: NRMSE of parameter estimation
NRMSE of parameter estimation
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Source: authors.

Table 02 presents mean and standard deviation for .

Table 2 -
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Condition numbers for a normal biased system (7) and for equivalent augmented system (11) are: c o n d 2 I - A ~ T I - A ~ - σ 2 I = 4.5504 , c o n d 2 C k = 3.2430 .

Conclusion

The paper proposes estimates the gross output vector based on the solution of the total least squares problem. The simulation results show that the augmented system has a lower number of conditionality than the bias normal system. The direction of further research will be a application of the results (Ivanov & Ivanov, 2017; Ivanov, Sandler & Kozlov, 2018) for estimation of the gross output vector of the Leontief dynamic model and the fractional order Leontief model.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of prof. O. A. Katsyuba in improving the paper.

References

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About this article

Publication Date

01 April 2020

eBook ISBN

978-1-80296-081-5

Publisher

European Publisher

Volume

82

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Edition Number

1st Edition

Pages

1-1004

Subjects

Business, innovation, management, management techniques, development studies

Cite this article as:

Ivanov, D. V. (2020). Estimation Of The Gross Output Vector Of Inter-Sectoral Balance Of Macroeconomic System. In V. V. Mantulenko (Ed.), Problems of Enterprise Development: Theory and Practice, vol 82. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 672-678). European Publisher. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.04.85