Community Media To Diffuse Sustainable Energy Products: Perceived Effectivenss

Abstract

The use of sustainable energy in the rural areas is one of the major solutions for the increasing local, national, and global environmental problems. However, to diffuse the use of sustainable energy products among the rural communities, the active communication channel is a key. To the countryside people, community media is the most contextualized, easily accessible, and trustworthy media. The motto of this research is to assess the perception of the rural people of how communications through the community media can change their motivation to use sustainable energy products utilizing theoretical and empirical approaches. A structured questionnaire survey derived from the constructs and items identified through focus group discussion and intensive literature review. The study is done in an underrepresented country (i.e., Bangladesh) in the broader literature on sustainable energy and community media interdisciplinary research. A structural equation modelling technique is applied to test the hypotheses. The values of the reliability and validity of the model are found perfect. This study concludes that the unique characteristics of community media can enhance the acceptance of their sustainable energy promotions to the rural people. This ease to explore the opportunities, improve the levels of abilities and motivation of the rural people, and thus quickly diffuse sustainable energy products in the rural area.

Keywords: Sustainable energycommunity mediastructural equation modellingrural areasustainability communications

Introduction

Sustainable energy is the solutions of many local, national, and global economic, social and environmental problems (Berhe et al., 2017). Access to sustainable energy triggers other sustainable development goals, including poverty eradication, improvement in health, education, water supply and industrialisation, and adaptation to climate change effects in the developing countries (United Nations, 2016). For example, community radio, community clinic, mobile-boat school, rural households, religious establishments, irrigation pumps, water treatment plants, and street lights, and even remote railway stations can be operated using sustainable energy, i.e., solar power (Barua, 2017). However, rural people are not technology driven; they need to be taught about the opportunities available to use sustainable energy, the potential economic, health, and environmental benefits (Hossain, Rokonuzzaman, & Hossam-E-Haider, 2015). So, it is needed to change the rural people’s attitudes, abilities, and motivations to adopt sustainable energy use and transform to a new lifestyle (Gatersleben et al. 2002).

Research shows that media due to its ability to directly affect public’s environmental awareness, knowledge, opinion, and concern (Stamm, Clark & Eblacas 2000), can be a catalyst in this regard (Berhe et al., 2017). However, all kinds of communication and communication channels are not accessible and widely accepted by the rural communities (Chapman et al., 2003. The community media, which is a two-way community communication media (Berrigan, 1979) can be useful in sustainability communications. More specifically, the community radio can be the best tool due to its high level of acceptance among rural community regarding the promotion of sustainability initiatives (Chapman et al., 2003). However, no mentionable research highlights the impact of media on sustainable energy consumption behaviour (Pettie, 2010).

Moreover, the government along with other nongovernment and donor agencies in the study country, (i.e. Bangladesh) is working to diffuse sustainable energy products (Hossain, 2015), but a slower diffusion is realised due to many reasons (Hoque & Das, 2013). However, although research has found that media can be the primary promotional tool in diffusing sustainable energy (Berhe et al. 2017) and community media is also found successful in promoting sustainable behaviours in the rural areas (Basselin & Geertsma, 2017), but it is not adequately being used for communicating sustainable energy products. No mentionable study has been done yet in Bangladesh to investigate the perception of rural people on how much community media can stimulate the adoption of sustainable energy products. Therefore, this study aims to measure the perception of the rural people on how a community media can diffuse sustainable energy products. This research shows that why the policymakers should depend on community media and how to use it to accelerate the diffusion of sustainable energy products. It uncovers the perceptions of the local people about the ability of a community media to change their attitude to sustainable energy and assist to find out opportunities as well as motivate to adopt sustainable energy behaviours.

Problem Statement

Bangladesh is now a vulnerable country due to the recent effects of climate change. The country can only ensure energy security for its rapidly growing population through enhancing access to sustainable energy (Barua, 2017). In Bangladesh, about 70% people live in the rural areas, and just 42% have access to the national grid (Kabir, Kim & Szulejko, 2017). The country is facing energy shortages due to its dependency on natural gas (however, reserves are now on the verge of depletion) based power stations (Hoque & Das, 2013). This results in about 1-2% decline in GDP growth annually (Kabir & Uddin, 2015). However, shifting from fossil fuels to sustainable energy can take the nation away from the danger (Hoque & Das, 2013). Bangladesh is endowed with vast renewable energy resources such as biomass and solar insolation that can be used as a primary source of energy in rural areas (Islam, Islam, & Beg, 2008). The potential of biogas technology in Bangladesh is immense as it has substantial cattle and poultry population, as well as the biomass briquitting technology based on rice husk and saw dust due to its agricultural base (Islam, Islam, & Rahman, 2006).

Moreover, this agriculture-based country demands plenty of water for irrigation during the dry season and supported by about 1.42 million diesel-operated irrigation pumps that generate colossal CO₂ and might be replaced by solar irrigation pumps (Hossain, 2015). So, the solar energy has the highest potential in Bangladesh as having the intensity of direct radiation due to 7-10 hours of sunshine over 300 days in a year with average solar radiation up to 6.5 kWh/m2 per day (Islam et al. 2008: Hossain, 2015; Barua, 2017). Solar power has been found financially viable for rural people based on its comparative costs and benefits compare to other energy sources, as well as it is eco-efficient that bring economy and ecology together toward sustainable development (Chakrabarty & Islam, 2011). The users of sustainable energy in Bangladesh are highly satisfied. Research shows that 85% of respondents in rural areas say that biogas has improved their mental health, physical health, and financial condition, as well as reduced pollutants that may hurt the environment (Islam & Hossein, 2014).

Currently, a few organisations are working to diffuse sustainable energy in Bangladesh. According to Hossain (2015), GIZ, SNV Netherlands Development Organization, the USAID Catalyzing Clean Energy in Bangladesh (CCEB) and the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves are working in Improved Cookstoves (ICSs) sector. Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) promotes and disseminates the Solar Home System (SHS) in remote rural areas through its Solar Energy Programme with financial support from the World Bank, Global Environment Facility (GEF), KfW Development Bank, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), the Asian Development Bank and the Islamic Development Bank (Hossain, 2015). The Institute of Fuel Research and Development (IFRD) of the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) carrying out different pilot projects on biomass (Hossain, 2015). Also, the government has established sustainable and renewable energy development authority (SREDA), which is also working on sustainable energy in Bangladesh (Barua, 2017). The country is dreaming of providing electricity to all by 2020 by targeting to generate 10% of electricity by that time from renewable sources, so sets a renewable energy policy in 2009 (Hossain et al. 2015). However, the rate of growth of diffusion of sustainable energy products in rural areas is slower than expected due to many reasons (Hoque & Das, 2013) like many other developing countries. These include including lack of the social/community acceptance of renewable energy innovations (adoption decision of local stakeholders, particularly residents and local authorities (Wu¨ stenhagena, Wolsink & Bu¨ rer, 2007).

Research Questions

The current scenario of Bangladesh regarding sustainable energy use is not satisfactory, although its position is better than many other countries. Lack of promotion is a significant drawback to get rural people engaged with sustainable energy products’ use. Now the questions are: What kind of media can contribute to the diffusion of sustainable energy products in the rural areas? Why would people like that media and accept its communications? What are the determinants to the rural people to adopt sustainable energy products? How do community radios can affect those determinants? However, the answers of these questions are based on the conception that the community media (i.e. community radios) has already become a proven tool in Bangladesh to promote many sustainable initiatives in the rural areas, due to its high level of acceptance. So, community radios can also increase awareness and knowledge on sustainable energy products, guide rural people on exploring opportunities to use sustainable energy products, motivate the rural people, and thus make the rural people ready and committed to using sustainable energy products. Based on these research questions the following hypothesised model is proposed and the hypotheses are to be tested based on the empirical findings:

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H1: The unique characteristics of community radio can affect the acceptance of sustainable energy-related message

H2a: If people accept the sustainable energy-related contents aired by community radio it can enhance their ability (e.g., skills, knowledge) regarding the adoption of sustainable energy products

H2b: If people accept the sustainable energy-related contents aired by community radio it can guide them to explore the opportunities regarding the adoption of sustainable energy products

H2c: If people accept the sustainable energy-related contents aired by community radio it can motivate them to adopt sustainable energy products’ use

H3a: If people have the ability their motivation is enhanced to adopt sustainable energy products’ use

H3b: If people get the opportunity their motivation is enhanced to adopt sustainable energy products’ use

H4: If people are highly motivated they become committed and ready to use sustainable energy products.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study was to assess the perception of the rural people on how a community media can diffuse sustainable energy products. This research was particularly intended to: define sustainable energy and its sources; explain the penetration of sustainable energy products and the roles of community media in Bangladesh; identify an appropriate theory to uncover the understandings of the perception of sustainable energy adoption of the rural people; explain a model, including community media and the determinants of sustainable energy adoption.

Research Methods

As the purpose of the study was to explain the perception of the impact of community media on diffusing sustainable energy through sustainability communications based on a theoretical framework, so the researcher uses an explanatory research methodology. This kind of research explains structured relationships or causal effects among variables (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2009). A focus group discussion of the community radio listeners, who are graduated from a college and currently using sustainable energy products, is done to identify the constructs. The focus group identifies the constructs with items to measure (i.e. unique characteristics of community radios, acceptance of sustainably communications, ability to use sustainable energy, opportunities available to use sustainable energy, motivation to use sustainable energy, and commitment to engage in the use of sustainable energy products). Then based on these constructs the hypotheses are developed. Following this, a survey is designed as it is useful and trendy to study human behaviour (Bhattacharjee, 2012). Twelve Master’s students of a public university who have completed a course on Marketing Research and prior survey experience worked as surveyors. They are chosen based on their familiarity with the study area. They are also taken through a two hours interactive class on the structured interview survey, which is better than a self-administered survey (Alshenqeeti, ‎2014), when the respondents belong to mixed groups regarding education for example, in the rural area of Bangladesh.

The survey is conducted in October 2017 within the ten-kilometre radius of the six community stations out of the total 17 CR stations in six districts that face a considerable electricity shortage in Bangladesh. The surveyors meet one adult person from each of 400 households visited in the villages randomly and survey 310 respondents who agree to provide their address, phone number, and signature on the script as well as allow their voices to be recorded using a mobile phone recorder. The surveyors pronounce the questions and answers before them and mark the responses as suggested by the respondents and record the interview. After the survey, the researcher contacts the respondents and verify whether they have been surveyed. The first part of the questionnaire presents some basic listenership questions, however the second part presents the constructs-based items identified by the focus group. The questionnaire is composed using Bengali (the native language of Bangladesh). The answers to the questions are measured using a Likert scale, which is widely used in the social science discipline (Gliem & Gliem, 2003). A five-point scale (ranged from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree and 3 = neutral point) is used to measure the responses (see Table 01 ).

After collecting the data, 10 questionnaires are found with some missing values and therefore not used for statistical analysis. Scale reliability is tested before exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The hypotheses are tested based on the results of the path analysis using partial least square structural equation modelling approach, which is a prevalent technique (Hooper, Coughlan & Mullen, 2008) even for nonexperimental research in social science research (Alshenqeeti, ‎2014). SmartPLS 2.0 is used to analyse the model’s reliability, validity, and structural relationships among the constructs.

Findings

From the scale reliability test, two items (i.e., uc_5 and uc_6) (see Table 01 ) are found with very low squared multiple correlations (i.e. .094 and .104 respectively) along with insignificant negative values for corrected item-total correlation. Also, it is found that after deleting those items the value of Cronbach’s alpha of the data is increased. Moreover, the exploratory factor analysis shows that these two items are not significantly correlated with any other items in the matrix, therefore, removed. However, after removing them, the results of exploratory factor analysis show excellent Goodness-of-fit with the six factors (i.e., Chi-Square 114.085, df-147, and Sig .980), which according to Hooper et al. (2008) is sound for confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis using structural equation modelling (Kline, 2011). This finding says that the rural people trust and accept community radio neither because of its entertainment ability nor its ability to provide voluntary jobs rather than its ability to contribute to development. This, in turn, indicates that community radio is a trustworthy medium for sustainability communications and people also like to see it from this perspective more than its music or entertainment appeal. Therefore, both the commercial and non-commercial organisations can use community radio to promote sustainable energy products as those goods are approached to rural people for their sustainable development.

As the responses of the variables are based on the respondent’s perception so common method bias test is done. According to the single-factor extraction test the first factor doesn’t exceed the majority of the total variance (i.e. explains only 21% of variance) and the values of variance inflation factor are <10 ((i.e the highest one is 3.05) (Hair et al., 2011). Moreover, other indicators of reliability and validity based on the partial least square test are highly satisfactory (see Table 02 for the detail of the results). The Chronbach’s alpha values of each of the six constructs are > .80, which tells that the responses are very consistent across items within the measure (135). R2 values of all the items and constructs are at 0.5 threshold, which shows good structural relationships among the items within and between the constructs (Hair et al., 2011). The discriminant validity of the data is ensured based on the values of correlations between the constructs are neither too high (≥. 90) nor too low (Kline, 2011), whereas between .77 and .86 with low cross-loadings (Henseler, Ringle & Sarstedt, 2015), i.e., .3. The data also ensures the convergent validity, as the values of average variance extracted is found > 0.50. (Hair, Ringle & Sarstedt, 2013). The values of the composite reliability or construct reliability is also > .80, which according to structural equation modelling researchers is excellent (Hair et al., 2012).

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The R square values (between .24 and .41) from the path analysis (see Table 02 for values and Figure 02 for the final path model) shows good structural relationships (Hair et al., 2014) among unique characteristics of community radio, acceptance of sustainable energy-related contents, ability to use sustainable energy products, opportunity to use sustainable energy products, motivation to use sustainable energy products, and commitment or readiness to use sustainable energy products. It has found that the respondents perceive the unique characteristics of community radio may have substantial effects (.492) (Kline, 2011) on rural people’s acceptance of sustainable energy-related contents aired by the community radios. This is in line with some past researches that investigated community radio’s acceptance among the rural people regarding sustainability communications (Chapman et al., 2003). People usually accept a communication when they trust the sources and found their real benefits in the communication, and that community radios find out a community’s problems and involve multiple communications to solve the problems, thus meet the listener’ expectations (Al-Hassan, 2011). Community radios particularly address critical issues in sustainable development through communications (UNESCO, 2014) So, the first hypothesis (H1) that the unique characteristics of community radio have positive effects on the rural people’s acceptance of sustainable energy-related contents is found valid.

Moreover, when people accept the sustainability communications, they listen to them carefully. As community radio uses an innovative style of presentation that combines music, drama, dialogue (Champman et al., 2003) can quickly train the audience through voices. For example, in Bangladesh, it is found that the rural people who did not know about cumin cultivation, but after a program aired via a community radio station, the local farmers' skills have been improved and started farming, instead of keeping their lands idle (Rasheed, 2012) So, it can claim that through the use of local language, local way of speaking, and combining information with entertainment, community radios can enhance people’s skills, thus H2a (if people accept the sustainable energy-related contents aired by community radios it can strengthen their ability, i.e. skills, knowledge regarding the adoption of sustainable energy products) is accepted. Moreover, the effects are very significant (0.497) (Kline, 2011).

The next hypothesis (H2b- if people accept the sustainable energy-related contents aired by community radios it can guide them to explore the opportunities regarding the adoption of sustainable energy products) is also found true (.496- substantial effects). This means that community radios can guide the rural people to explore the opportunities regarding how to find good products, how to install, and where to install (i.e., households, farm, and small businesses) and use sustainable energy products. For instance, it is found that in an African country, where people were struggling to farm and some of them were migrating to other villages due to lack of opportunities for employment. However, a community radio program based on a development agency guide them on how to be united, clean the river banks, get access to fresh water, and start irrigations and fishing (Ouattara & Ouattara, 2006). Moreover, in Bangladesh, it is found that after a natural disaster when people are not getting opportunities for employment, community radios guide them to explore alternative earnings (Saroar & Routray, 2010).

Similarly, H2c (direct effect - .243) is also true that if people accept the sustainable energy-related contents aired by community radio, it can directly motivate them moderately to adopt sustainable energy products’ use. However, the effects of communications on motivation is less than its effects on ability and opportunity. This is because motivation is derived from ability and opportunity. If the community people have skills (.267) and they have opportunities (.276) to use sustainable energy, they are moderately motivated to adopt sustainable energy products. However, if they have both skills and opportunities, they are substantially motivated (i.e., total effects: 0.514). Thus, H3a and H3b are also true. Moreover, when people are substantially motivated, they may become strongly committed and ready (i.e., excellent direct effects: 0.585) to adopt sustainable energy products. So, the last hypothesis (H4) is well accepted. These findings, are in line with the previous researches that investigated the community radio’s influence on the rural peoples’ motivation and commitment to involving in sustainable practices. For example, two radios in Bangladesh (Radio Nalta and Sagorgiri) have changed the attitudes and levels of skills to implement community-based adaptation to minimising health risks and preventing associated climate change effects using edutainment (i.e., folk song and drama in local languages) (Shumake-Guillemot, 2014).

Another radio (i.e., Mukti,) has motivated people to keep away from human-made disaster for river erosion and build capacity for sustainable fishing (Morshed, 2017). Also, a research has found that over 75% listeners of ‘Radio Nalta’ in Satkhira district say that due to community radios' innovative programmes they are now well informed about the temperature rise, soil fertility, river erosion, and increased salinity in the locality, so they are changing their behaviours gradually to protect the environmental assets (Rasheed 2012). Moreover, another research has found that due to the disasters and salinity many farmers keep their lands idle, but after the broadcasting of the government representatives’ communications and local successful farmers’ discussions via community radio (Krishi Radio), people have learnt about the particular process of salinity preventive rice cultivation (Basselin et al., 2017). So, a lot of evidence found that community radio is a successful media that can change people’s attitude, ability, and motivate to adopt sustainable behaviors that are required due to the climate change. Community radios also train and educate rural people for employment, good health, and sustainable lifestyle.

Conclusion

The research has found that the community radio listeners believe that community radios can be utilised to promote sustainable energy products that would be very beneficial to a developing country like Bangladesh. The rural people perceive that through the participatory communication via community radio, the relevant skills and knowledge regarding various usages of sustainable energy can be transmitted. Also, this can assist to identify quality products and use and install sustainable energy products to build their capacity to harvest substantial opportunities. Thus, community radio can change attitude and ability of the rural people and motivate them to be united for diffusing more sustainable energy products. This way, more and more people would be committed to using sustainable energy products to be connected with the modern worlds, for example, using solar based radio and television or mobile phone. People would use the solar pump for irrigation and LED light at homes and small businesses. However, it is essential for the policymakers to think that any advertisement, educational program, dialogue, and talk show aimed at promoting sustainable energy products must be based on the participatory communication basis. The community members should be given priority to come to the radio stations to discuss their sustainable energy needs with the government and nongovernment organisations and jointly identify sustainable energy products that can best meet the rural people's demands. Community radios then can share the real social, economic, environmental, and cultural benefits of sustainable energy through relaying the interviews of the current sustainable energy product users.

These findings of the research are based only on the perception of people of a specific area of a developing country. The sample is only 300, who are the community radio listeners but might not be the user of sustainable energy products. However, in future using a large sample the model can be tested. Moro importantly, an experiment, including a particular campaign on sustainable energy via a community radio can be aired, and the change in attitude, ability, motivation, and adoption or purchase rate of sustainable energy products of the villagers can be measured. This could evaluate the effectiveness of community radio in diffusing sustainable energy products practically.

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