European Proceedings Logo

Corporate Tax Avoidance: Evidence From Trading and Services Companies

Table 2: Measurement of financial variables

Financial variable Proxy Measurement
Corporate Tax Avoidance ETR Income tax / Pre-tax Income
Financial Manipulation M-score Beneish Model
Leverage Debt Ratio Long Term Debt / Total Asset
Size Firm Size Total Asset
Profitability Return on Asset Net Income / Total Asset
< Back to article

We care about your privacy

We use cookies or similar technologies to access personal data, including page visits and your IP address. We use this information about you, your devices and your online interactions with us to provide, analyse and improve our services. This may include personalising content or advertising for you. You can find out more in our privacy policy and cookie policy and manage the choices available to you at any time by going to ‘Privacy settings’ at the bottom of any page.

Manage My Preferences

You have control over your personal data. For more detailed information about your personal data, please see our Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy.

These cookies are essential in order to enable you to move around the site and use its features, such as accessing secure areas of the site. Without these cookies, services you have asked for cannot be provided.

Third-party advertising and social media cookies are used to
(1) deliver advertisements more relevant to you and your interests;
(2) limit the number of times you see an advertisement;
(3) help measure the effectiveness of the advertising campaign; and
(4) understand people’s behavior after they view an advertisement.
They remember that you have visited a site and quite often they will be linked to site functionality provided by the other organization. This may impact the content and messages you see on other websites you visit.