Society 5.0 And Financial Integration In Developed Countries

Financial Integration

Because to the pre-1945 world countries' conflict, the global economy was in bad shape (for example, World War 1, World Economic Depression of 1929, World War 2). The economy has collapsed as a result of conflicts and economic distress. Suggestions to reduce these effects have been one of the Bretton Woods Meeting (Demir, 2014). With this treaty, the country's foreign exchange rates were integrated into the currency of a single country, the US dollar. This system collapsed in 1971 and replaced it with the free-wave courtship regime (Erdurak, 2019). The increase in oil prices in the 1970 years followed by a large amount of USD surplus generated by the OPEC countries. As a result, the financial systems and markets that emerged in the 1980 and 1990 years have led to extensive integration (Seçme, 2018).

“Integration” means the most known definition and the connection of various variables in a single form. Integration is a new concept, and the Dutch economist J. It was introduced to science by Tinbergen (Babayeva, 2019). In the literature, there is no one type definition for financial integration derived from the concept of integration. Financial integration is commonly related with ideas like financial globalization, capital liberalization, economic growth, and foreign financial liberalization, which have a variety of definitions.

The elimination of constraints on free capital flows and investment in most nations throughout the world (particularly in industrialized countries) has resulted in a major expansion in international financial integration during the last decade (Lane & Milesi-Ferretti, 2003). The integration of a country's domestic financial system with the worldwide financial market is known as financial integration (Seçme, 2018). Investors are becoming more active in international markets as financial integration improves. Local investors are diversifying their portfolios and reducing their exposure to adverse events in their home country by making international investments (Erdurak, 2019).

Financial integration refers to the free movement of capital, in the simplest definition. There is only one set of market rules in the integrated financial market. Participants are treated equally, with equal rights (Demir, 2014). The term "financial integration" refers to the cooperation of financial markets in a number of countries around the world. The costs of processing the integration have an impact on the foreign exchange rate, political risks, and other hazards (Seçme, 2018). The free circulation of the capital that comes with integration will allow investors to invest in more risky assets. And that's when you have an unstable balance sheet (Erdurak, 2019).

Financial integration has many benefits to both investors and the country economy and other factors. It offers investors convenience and opportunities to share financial integration risk. Due to integration, the securities in the investor's portfolio may be owned by different countries (Demir, 2014). Financial integration can also affect domestic investments in the country and the growth in the country's economy. Increasing the physical capital level per employee can help increase the economic growth rate and improve living standards. The benefits listed are particularly visible in foreign investments (Seçme, 2018). The movement of foreign capital from rich to impoverished countries allows these countries' economies to grow faster. The financial services industry and financial integration both help to boost competitiveness (Babayeva, 2019).

Although many economists and financiers believe financial integration benefits the country's economy, some economists and financiers believe it has a negative influence. They contend that long-term integration will have a negative impact on employment and earnings (Asaleye et al., 2019).

Finally, it's worth noting that financial integration and financial globalization are both related but distinct ideas. Financial globalization refers to the removal of limitations on interest and foreign exchange transactions, allowing for global capital movement. The relationship between a country's financial market and worldwide financial markets is revealed by financial integration. Despite the fact that they are two distinct ideas, financial globalization and financial integration are inextricably linked (Babayeva, 2019).

Society 5.0

Technology advancements increase the quality of life in the workplace and in society, contributing to the advancement of society. The Japanese designed Society 5.0, also known as the super smart society, as a society model in which artificial intelligence is examined in all aspects and people are most efficiently integrated with computers and robots (Saracel & Aksoy, 2020). Technology continues to innovate in the industry, reflecting the changes that have occurred in the economy and in society. From 1.0 to 5.0, these changes have occurred. The term "community 5.0" is new, and its goal is to improve people's quality of life (Pereira et al., 2020). But before we explain this, it's important to give a brief explanation of what other industrial revolutions are;

Thomas Newcomen invented the first major technology, the steam engine, in 1712. The majority of people were moved from the fields to the factories as a result of this development, and then the large factories were established.

The second industrial revolution represents an increase in electrical power. The first car, telegraph and telephone inventions took place during this period.

The beginning of digitalization coincides with this period. Machine operation in factories in computer control has reduced labor costs.

The goal of this revolution was to build a virtual replica of the real world. The core concepts of Industry 4.0, according to the literature, are cyber physical systems, objects, and the Internet of services.

Japan's new ideology, Society 5.0, attempts to integrate the most recent technological advancements into society (Saracel & Aksoy, 2020).

The goal of Society 5.0 is to raise people's living standards while also developing ways to improve the country's economy. It was developed as part of the Science and Technology Basic Plan and approved by the Council of Ministers in 2016. (Fukuyama, 2018). While many countries attempt to adapt to Industry 4.0, Japan, a developed country, is heading toward Society 5.0 thanks to its advanced technologies. This attempts to develop a super-intelligent civilization that can be managed without humans (Pereira et al., 2020).

As it is known, the symptoms of population aging, birth rate, and decreased total population began to appear Japanese. Society 5.0 produces strategies to reduce such problems (Fukuyama, 2018). Society 5.0 philosophy suggests the implementation of some objectives such as:

• To develop solutions against aging world population,
• Bringing the virtual world and the real world together,
• The use of the Internet of things with the benefit of society,
• Creating solutions for environmental pollution and natural disasters.

Society 5.0 includes the Internet of things, artificial intelligence and digital technologies, similar to Industry 4.0. Unlike Industry 4.0, however, it covers not only industrial production, but also the issues closely related to society such as health, transportation and security services, agriculture, finance, energy and food production (Öztürk & Ateş, 2021). But it has to be said that the technological developments could allow for an even better quality of life, an even easier way of life, while at the same time leading to an unequal distribution of employment and wealth (Pereira et al., 2020).

Correlation Analysis

This study use the correlation coefficients technique. As a result, index opening prices for the nations were first determined, after which the weekly returns were determined using these opening prices, and finally the correlation coefficients between these returns were determined. The Eviews software was used to calculate correlation coefficients.

The ratio of the explained variation to unexplained variation is defined as the correlation coefficient (r);

$r=\mathrm{}\frac{N\sum xy-\sum x\sum y}{\left[\right[N\sum x^{\mathrm{2}}-\left(\sum x{)}^{\mathrm{2}}\right][N\sum y^{\mathrm{2}}-\left(\sum y{)}^{\mathrm{2}}\right]{]}^{\mathrm{1}/\mathrm{2}}}$

If the linear curve passes through all points on the graph, then r = 1. R always receives a number between -1 and 1. If there is a strong positive relationship between variables, the time value is closer to 1. If there is a negative strong relationship between variables, the time will be closer to r-1. In poor relationships, the r value is closer to 0. To summarize, if the r value takes a number between 0.00 and 0.25, that time is weak, if the weak relationship receives a number between 0.26 and 0.49, if the medium relationship receives a number between 0.50 and 0.69, if the high relationship 0.90 receives a number between 0.70 and 0.89, 1.0 we can say that there is a very high positive relationship at this time.

Results

The link between the developed country index and the correlation coefficient analysis is tested in this study. The weekly returns were initially computed using the indexes' 6-year opening prices, then entered into the software, and the correlation matrix was calculated.

First, it is important to note that there is no negative correlation coefficient between the index of the 8 designated countries. So, there is a positive correlation coefficient between the indices of the 8 developed countries selected for the study, and therefore a positive relationship. Investors often care about the weak correlation coefficient, even if they are negative and positive. Because this time, the crisis in one country does not affect the other, so the diversification in their portfolio is positive.

In general, it is possible to see that when the results are looked at, the countries with the most powerful relationship, the highest correlation coefficient, are between the United States and Canada. It is possible to say that the commercial relations between these two countries are high. These two countries are moving at a similar level. Other countries where the relationship of America is strong are France, Germany and England, respectively. There is a high positive correlation coefficient between Australia and USA.

The countries in which the Kanada relationship is high are similar to the United States. It's possible to see America, France, Germany and England in the early days. The correlation coefficients between France, Germany and Britain were driven in 0.70. The main reason for this is because they are members of the same union (European Union). The main reason these 3 countries have a high correlation coefficient with the United States can be because they trade highly with each other, because production and consumption structures are similar and other reasons.

The lowest correlation coefficient appears to be between Australia and South Korea. Considering that the trade relationship between Australia and South Korea is not weak, it can be said that the reason for the weak correlation coefficient between these two countries is that their production and consumption structures are not similar. In the table 1, the country in which the South Korean relationship is the highest is Japanese with 0.53 correlation coefficient. We can show why these two countries are close to one another, their influence is similar, and their production and consumption habits are similar.

Canada is the country where Australia has the greatest correlation coefficient (0.68). This is due to the fact that Canada and Australia have strong and varied bilateral ties. Canada, defense and security, commerce, economic growth, and illegal immigration are among the topics on which he consults with Australia on a regular basis to create mutual interests in the fight against terrorism, transportation, and other concerns (Canada - Australia Relations, 2021). Other countries in which Australia's relationship is strong are the United States and England.