Genetic Diversity Of North Sumatra Upland Red Rice Genotype On Morphological And Anatomical Characterization

Getting, and collecting and consolidating the local red rice in North Sumatra as a first step in conservation.

Characterization of morphology, especially morphology of red rice from exploration results

3.3.Knowing the genetic kinship of local red rice in North Sumatra

Exploration and Collection of Upland Red Rice of North Sumatra

Local SDG rice exploration activities are carried out in several regencies in North Sumatra Province. Each of these districts is eligible for exploration activities because it stores the diversity of paddy GR and is preserved for years to come. Prior to the initial exploration conducted preliminary survey, for data collection that contains about the existence of local upland red rice species or even wild relatives in the area. Visits and interviews directly to the fields Farmers in the District which is a regional producer of rice and has the potential the existence of local upland red rice.

Data collection includes name of cultivar, number and origin of collection, based on predefined sampling method. The paddy seeds are then collected and stored in appropriate places and temperatures for the purpose of collecting GR and for characterization purposes

Characterization of Grain Morphology

Cultivars collected from farmers' fields next, collected and identified (characterization) and stored. A total of 19 cultivars derived planted in the garden trial and the Green house Faculty of Agriculture UISU Medan and UNAND Padang, for evaluation, stabilization, and characterization.

Stages of observation of red rice paddy character is done by observing grain quantitatively and qualitatively. All quantitative data is determined by measuring all grain characteristics in accordance with the rice descriptor. From quantitative data obtained, then processed with Minitab program version 16.14 (Iriawan & Astuti, 2006). Observations consist of quantitative and qualitative observations. Quantitative quantities consisting of grain length, grain width, grain thickness, and grain length as measured by using digital slurry in mm, and weight of 100 grains as measured by analytical scales in grams. While qualitative observations consist of grain color surface color, rice color, and shape of rice. The data of morphological characterization (phenotypic data) is then used for the analysis of diversity and kinship. To analyze kinship, the NTSYS Spc 2.02 (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysys Systems) program is used.

Upland Genetic Resources Data in Location Collection Field Visit

From the exploration result in 11 regencies, there were 22 cultivars of upland red rice, and agronomic data obtained map location (Figure 01 ) and (Table 01 ).

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From Figure 01 and Table 01 it can be explained that the exploration results in the 11 visited districts were obtained by 21 local rice cultivars of upland red rice, ie: (1) Deli Serdang: 4 genotipe, (2) Serdang Bedagai: 1 genotipe, (3) Simalungun: 3 genotipe, (4) Tanah Karo: 4 genotipe, (5) Dairi: 1 genotipe, (6) Nias Selatan: 1 genotipe, (7) Tapanuli Selatan: 2 genotipe, (8) Padang Sidempuan: 1 genotipe (9) Samosir: 1 genotipe, (10) Pakpak Bharat: 1 genotipe; and (11) Humbang Hasundutan: 2 genotipe.

Deli Serdang and Tanah Karo districts have the largest number and varieties of upland red rice, followed by Simalungun compared to other districts, especially in the area around medium to high soil, until now still maintained for generations due to local culture. Of the 11 District planting areas are found in different ecosystems with varying heights from medium to high plains with flat topography, bumpy to hilly. The farming or cultivation system is still relatively simple and the planting of upland rice is planted as intercropping plants, intercropping plants in some annual crops such as rubber, palm oil, and coffee. Also found in horticultural plants, such as bananas, and oranges. From this data it can be seen that the cultivation of upland rice is still an odd plant, although the available land is still wide, generally high adaptation and tolerance to pests and diseases. For farmers who do not have wetland or rice field is limited, then on the dry land it has will be cultivated upland rice

In other words, the cultivation of upland rice is more directed to fulfill the interests of household consumption of farmers. Harvest age is long (˃145 days), ranging from 145.00 to 180.00 days after seed (DAS), and production is still low to moderate (1.0 - 4.0 ton/ha). All ages of cultivars are categorized in the age of the deep category. This is due to the age of harvest can be affected by the height of the place and climatic conditions. This is because the collection area is done on medium to high which is above 400 mdpl

Low productivity of lowland rice is mainly caused by environmental stresses, both biotic and abiotic (Hairmansis et al., 2015), and varying climatic and soil conditions, the application of cultivation technology that has not been optimum, especially in the use of improved varieties (VU), fertilization and blast disease control (Toha, 2005). The higher the place is planted, the appearance of harvest age will tend to be longer than the plants grown on the lowlands. Farmers tend to choose potentially high yielding cultivars, and moderately to low plant height characters. This is done by farmers to avoid the risk of crop failure due to fall in the rainy season. Low temperatures in the highlands can inhibit the growth of seedlings and saplings, causing leaf discoloration (yellowing leaves), slow down the flowering time, eksersi abnormal panicles, panicle sterility increases, maturation tassel irregular, and the resulting decline). The productivity of upland rice were lower primarily due to climatic and soil conditions vary, cultivation technology is not optimal, especially in the use of high yielding varieties, fertilizing and controlling blast disease (Toha, 2005), also due to various environmental stress both biotic and abiotic (Hairmansis et al., 2015).

In addition, the decline in production is also caused by the sloping increase in the potential yield of existing rice cultivars. This is due to the narrowness of the genetic diversity of rice that is present as a result of many releasing rice cultivars that are related to each other. As a result, rice diversity is reduced and the potential yields are no different. This causes the existence of local rice both rice paddy and upland rice, currently increasingly abandoned farmers and threatened extinction (Toha, 2005). North Sumatra Province has local varieties of upland rice is very popular consumer products. Local varieties are in fact a major provider of rice in upland area of Bukit Barisan, North Sumatra. Although there has been a lot of upland rice varieties released by the Government, but no one has been able to adapt well in the highlands. High yielding varieties that have been released, such as Situ Patenggang, Towuti, Situ Bagendit, Batu Tegi, and Limboto that have relatively high yield potential (> 3.5 ton/ha), but the rate of adaptation is still limited that is only appropriate in the lowlands (< 500 mdpl) (Toha, 2006; Yusuf, 2009). The results of the field visit and interview with (Mr. Amrizal Yusuf, researcher and breeder of BPTP Sumatera Utara) in terms of releasing varieties in 2016, red rice is the most widely planted by farmers in several cities, including Tanah Karo, Simalungun, Dairi and Pakphak Barat.

In general, farmers cultivate local varieties (Sunjaya, 2011) that taste good, tolerant of marginal land, is resistant to some kinds of pests and diseases, requiring low fertilizer inputs as well as easy and simple maintenance. However, it has low production (Ahadiyat, 2011). Then to the development of planting upland rice should consider soil conservation, productivity levels, sense, also resistance to pests and diseases through modeling approaches crop management and resource integrated (ICM) in the area of ​​specific locations, to achieve food security and sustainable agricultural systems (Toha, 2005).

From the results of rejuvenation and observation of morphological character of upland red rice from 11 regencies obtained 14 cultivars of local upland red rice from North Sumatera. Observations both in the field and by conducting initial studies then obtained morphological characters and component results in Figure 02 .

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The cultivars that have been collected from the farmers' fields are collected and stored in cold storage, and some are planted for consolidation and rejuvenation by ex situ or in situ . For rejuvenation of acquired rice cultivars planted in experimental garden of agriculture faculty UISU Medan (as many as 14 cultivars). Furthermore, identification is done. The data taken are morphological character and production component. Data observed is still limited to the initial character include, plant height, number of productive tillers, panicle length, flowering age, 1000 grain, grain shape, and grain color

From the Figure 02 above, there are several variations of 14 cultivars of upland rice in 11 districts grown for further rejuvenation. Characterization of all the important morphological and agronomic properties of GR exploration results is carried out on several morphological characters and agronomic characters (yield component) by IRRI standard. The data collected are Morphological character (phenotypic data) 14 local red rice cultivars of rice, there are variations of each cultivar are as follows: Plant height is high ˃ 125 cm (score 7) ie (135,55 - 160 , 78 cm). Productive tillers classified as little ˂ 10 (score 3) that is (5,78 - 9,78 tillers). Long panicle is medium score (20 - 30 cm) - long (31 - 40 cm) that is 21.7 - 35 cm.

Character of Grain Morphology by Quantitative Character

From the exploration result in 11 regencies, 21 local rice cultivars of upland red rice from North Sumatra were obtained. Observations both in the field and by conducting initial studies then obtained some characters, both morphological and anatomical characters. Morphological and anatomical characteristics of 19 local upland red rice cultivars. The result of quantitative observation on red rice grain shows the variation between each genotype. Grain and red rice have varying surface and shape colors (Table 02 and Figure 03 ).

In general, there is a difference in the characteristics of each of the rice genotypes of red rice. The observation of quantitative variables on grain shows that the length of grain ranged from 6.72 - 9.60 mm. The width of grain ranges from 1.85 - 2.96 mm. Grain thickness ranges from 1.53 - 2.17 mm. The weight of 100 grain seeds ranged from 1.66 to 3.46 g.

Based on observations obtained in Table 02 , the longest length of red rice grass is Silabundong genotype (9,60 mm), while the shortest is Ro’e genotype (6,72 mm). IRRI and WARDA (2007) divide the length of grain in three classes, ie short (<7.5 mm), medium (7.5-12 mm), and length (> 12 mm). Based on the classification of IRRI and WARDA (2007), we obtained a red short size rice genotype and the remaining medium size. Weight 1000 grains between 20 - 30 g. Based on the observation on qualitative character, the color of the grain surface is generally yellow straw, brownish, dark red, and red black. According to IRRI and WARDA (2007), the color of the grain surface is quite diverse, namely brownish yellow, brownish white, brownish orange, light brown, brownish red, and greenish brown. The colour of the grain surface is quite diverse, namely brownish yellow, brownish white, brownish orange, light brown, brownish red, and greenish brown. Likewise with the color of the seed (caryopsis) there are also variations. Most of the rice is dark red, pink, and blackish red, different rice colors are genetically regulated, due to differences in genes that regulate aleuron color, color of endospermia, and starch composition in endosperm. The shape of rice also shows the variation, namely round, semi-round, and oval. Most of the red rice forms found are oval, followed by semi-spherical, and the smallest is round. Shape of Grain form starts from oval, round, and semi of round, brown grain color (brown), brown spots, and brown furrows. Caryopsis color obtained starting from red, red brown, and dark red. From the color of this seed allows the existence of differences in nutritional and nutritional content in brown rice. To see the color of the seeds of the 19 existing cultivars we can see on the characterization of grain (lemma/palea and seeds (caryopsis).

Based on the clustering of red rice genotypes grouping at 79.79% similarity, the upland red rice genotypes were grouped nto three groups. The first group consisted of 10 genotypes, 1, 2, 8, 6, 13, 10, 16, 19, 4, and 18. The second group consisted of 3 genotypes, 3, 15, and 9. The third group consisted of 6 genotypes, ie 5, 7, 12, 11, 17 and 14. Dendogram of grouping results based on genotype is shown in Figure 03 .

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Figure 03 shows the level of kinship of each upland red rice genotype in North Sumatera Province. The close relationship of kinship can be seen from the percentage of similarity. The size of the percentage of similarity is influenced by the extent or narrowness of diversity (variability). According to generally a high level of variability of morphological characters would complicate the limitation of taxon under the type.

The level of kinship should be known to facilitate breeders in producing new varieties that have a wide or narrow diversity through crosses. To produce varieties with a narrow diversity varieties are used that close kinship level, while to produce a wide level of diversity crossing of varieties that have A distant kinship level. The further the kinship relationship, the recombinant will be more diverse. To determine the proximity of kinship relationships between plant taxon can be done by determining the similarity between plant taxon using morphological properties because morphological properties can be used to recognize and describe kinship of type. In the characterization activities that have been done can be known the character of each cultivar to be used and developed in plant breeding activities in accordance with the purpose of superior varieties who want assembled. Given this variation, further selection activities can be performed because the selection will be successful if the plant population to be selected has variation or diversity.

Germplasm exploration/conservation plays an important role in avoiding the extinction of local/wild rice species due to the rapid growth of modern high yielding varieties, the opening of new land, the transition of rice cultivation to other crops, and the development of settlement.

Results of exploration in 11 districts obtained 22 local rice genotypes of upland red rice in North Sumatra.

Grain morphology characterization and molecular analysis results indicate variation on quantitative and qualitative characters. The widest level of diversity is obtained from the long feather characters.

Based on the morphological character of grain at the similarity level of 79.79%, the genotype of upland red rice of North Sumatra can be grouped into three.

This study suggests the need to be collaboration between government, farmers, businessmen, and colleges in the application of technology for the development of upland rice, including conservation and collection of local cultivars to the next can produce new varieties in order to support food security and sustainable agriculture, as well as the welfare of farmers.