| Category / Subcategory / Subcategory components |
Learner-on-learner bullyingf (%) |
Learner-on-educator bullyingf (%) |
Educator-on-adult bullyingf (%) |
| Types of negative acts |
402 (43.8) |
364 (45.6) |
344 (45.3) |
|
Verbal* |
134 (14.6) |
159 (19.8) |
117 (15.1) |
|
|
Offensive remarks, insulting |
49 (5.7) |
53 (6.2) |
40 (5.4) |
|
|
Name-calling* |
56 (5.8) |
18 (1.8) |
5 (0.7) |
|
|
Humiliating* |
8 (0.9) |
52 (6.3) |
39 (5.1) |
|
|
Ridiculing* |
17 (2.2) |
36 (5.5) |
33 (4.0) |
|
Indirect* |
172 (18.7) |
73 (9.3) |
145 (19.0) |
|
|
Social isolation, ignoring |
38 (4.6) |
28 (3.5) |
36 (4.7) |
|
|
Social rejection, exclusion* |
59 (6.5) |
6 (0.8) |
7 (1.1) |
|
|
Slandering, spreading rumours* |
31 (3.4) |
23 (3.0) |
73 (9.4) |
|
|
Withholding of information* |
12 (1.2) |
2 (0.3) |
25 (3.1) |
|
|
Cyberbullying: flaming, harassment, denigration |
32 (3.0) |
14 (1.7) |
4 (0.5) |
|
Physical* |
96 (10.5) |
33 (4.3) |
14 (1.8) |
|
|
Serious overt acts of violence (hitting, kicking, pushing)* |
56 (6.2) |
4 (0.5) |
2 (0.2) |
|
|
Damage or theft of personal property or belongings |
21 (2.2) |
15 (2.0) |
4 (0.5) |
|
|
Threatening with violence |
19 (2.1) |
14 (1.8) |
8 (1.1) |
|
Work-related* |
0 |
99 (12.3) |
68 (8.9) |
|
|
Harm to personal position: public violence of formal rules and orders* |
0 |
54 (6.8) |
0 |
|
|
Harm to personal position: public arguing and contradiction* |
0 |
25 (3.0) |
0 |
|
|
Harm to personal position: publication of personal info* |
0 |
20 (2.5) |
0 |
|
|
Destabilisation: unreasonable workload* |
0 |
0 |
25 (3.4) |
|
|
Destabilisation: favouritism* |
0 |
0 |
22 (2.9) |
|
|
Destabilisation: removal of responsibility* |
0 |
0 |
21 (2.6) |
| Definitional attributes of bullying |
258 (28.6) |
216 (27.1) |
219 (28.4) |
|
Attributes |
208 (23.1) |
162 (20.3) |
169 (21.9) |
|
|
Intentionality (deliberate and purposeful acts) |
42 (4.6) |
43 (5.5) |
42 (5.5) |
|
|
Causing harm, hurtful by the victim (physical, psychological or social pain) |
39 (4.5) |
39 (4.8) |
37 (4.6) |
|
|
Repetitive or continuous behavior (frequently, continuously, taking place over long time) |
45 (4.9) |
38 (4.8) |
35 (4.7) |
|
|
Imbalance of power, inequality of power |
34 (3.7) |
27 (3.3) |
34 (4.2) |
|
|
Victim has difficulty to defend himself or herself* |
48 (5.4) |
15 (1.9) |
21 (2.9) |
|
Non-specific attributes |
50 (5.5) |
54 (6.8) |
49 (6.5) |
|
|
Bullying-related terms (abuse, provocation, harassment, manipulation) |
21 (2.2) |
26 (3.3) |
17 (2.3) |
|
|
Behaviours not defined as bullying (single incident, conflict, teasing, fights between equals) |
29 (3.3) |
28 (3.5) |
32 (4.2) |
| Participants’ attributes |
176 19.3 |
200 25.2 |
181 23.4 |
|
Number of participants |
58 (6.4) |
46 (5.8) |
33 (4.2) |
|
|
Group based bullying: group of peer aggressors* |
11 (1.3) |
43 (5.3) |
5 (0.5) |
|
|
Individual-based bullying: one to one aggression* |
47 (5.1) |
3 (0.5) |
28 (3.7) |
|
Participants’ roles* |
50 (5.5) |
98 (12.3) |
90 (11.6) |
|
|
Bystanders* |
50 (5.5) |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Teachers as victim* |
0 |
59 (7.2) |
0 |
|
|
Other school staff members as victims* |
0 |
39 (5.1) |
0 |
|
|
Colleagues as aggressors* |
0 |
0 |
55 (7.2) |
|
|
Other principals and parents as aggressors* |
0 |
0 |
35 (4.4) |
|
Participants’ characteristics |
68 (7.5) |
56 (7.1) |
58 (7.6) |
|
|
Physical characteristics of bullies stronger, bigger, older* |
31 (3.3) |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Personality characteristics of bullies: low self-esteem, lack of empathy, poor self-regulation* |
1 (0.2) |
9 (1.2) |
45 (5.8) |
|
|
Physical characteristics of victims: smaller, different ethnicity, appearance, clothing* |
27 (2.9) |
4 (0.5) |
2 (0.5) |
|
|
Personality characteristics of victims: low self-esteem, shy |
7 (0.9) |
5 (0.4) |
4 (0.4) |
|
|
Personality characteristics of victims: poor social skills, lack of assertiveness and self-regulation* |
2 (0.2) |
38 (5.0) |
7 (0.9) |
| Approach to dealing with bullying incidents* |
76 (8.3) |
18 (2.2) |
25 (3.4) |
|
Handling bullying incidents* |
52 (5.7) |
15 (2.0) |
14 (2.1) |
|
|
Working with victim: problem-solving approach |
21 (2.2) |
15 (2.0) |
14 (2.1) |
|
|
Working with bully: rules-sanctions approach* |
31 (3.5) |
0 |
0 |
|
Whole-school prevention and intervention* |
24 (2.6) |
3 (0.2) |
11 (1.3) |
| Total frequency of coding units (f) |
912 |
798 |
769 |
