Abstract
Cognition refers to a process of comprehension, gathering of information, expressed in the accumulated experiences present in every action of man. Research Questions: Would the introduction of a platform with theoretical notions for all students improve their attitude towards motion? Does the interest in motion increase if they have access to specific information? This research has started from the hypothesis that in the absence of awareness, motion performance and interest in motion would diminish by introducing theoretical notions of motion, in addition to the practical ones in the students' study program on an on-line platform, would make the result of motion performance to change positively and interest in motion to grow. As a result, the theoretical (cognitive) notions of practical activities would play a decisive role in triggering students' interest in physical education and increasing their motor performance. In conclusion, the introduction of theoretical notions about the benefits of motion on the on-line platform accessed by the interest and needs of the students would change their attitude towards the movement, which is proven by the improvement of motor performance.
Keywords: Physical educationstudentscognitionmotor performance
Introduction
Cognition is closely related to motor skills, to the formation of superior psychic mechanisms, "... the psyche itself being built up in and through activity" (Manaila, 2019, p.1) as "Cognitive reserves are the ability of the brain to improvise and find alternative ways of doing their job and helping people to compensate ... the changes (p.1). Awareness is extremely important in the matter described, as it means, "... much more pseudo mental energy consumption" (Messinger, 2016, p.55), and, ...decision-making is a complex cognitive function that involves several factors interacting with each other" (Icellioglu & Ermiş, 2017, p.10). The problem of
Problem Statement
The present research has started from the hypothesis that in order to increase the efficiency of the training and the increase of the interest of the students for the movement, a very important role is played, next to movement itself, by cognition, so it is believed that the introduction into the study program of the current students of the theoretical notions about movement on an on-line platform would positively modify the results obtained.
Research Questions
Introducing a platform with theoretical notions for all students would improve their attitude toward movement? Would it increase interest in movement if they have access to specific information?
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the research was to demonstrate that an on-line platform associated with practical and methodical activities is useful because the theoretical notions of knowledge lead to change of attitude and improve the relationship between practical and cognitive-physical-training activities, truth reclaimed by the recorded results to motor performance by the two groups and frequency in lessons
Research tasks
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Choosing the random group of subjects to be tested;
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Division of the lot into two groups: Experimental group (G.E., consisting of 30 students, Faculty of IME / AIA, year II / N.F); control group (G.C. composed of 32 students, IME / AIA Faculty, year II / Day);
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Conceiving the questionnaire on "Effectiveness of training through cognition in the physical education of students";
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Applying the questionnaire to the two groups;
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Panelling of data collection, after applying the questionnaire;
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Conceiving questionnaire with the theme: "Efficiency od training through cognition in the activity of physical training of students";
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Verifying the two groups by ticking "tickets" and storing the data collected;
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Motor testing of the two groups: experiment group (G.E.); control group (G.C.)
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Recording the motoric indicators in an observation protocol and their panelling;
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Analyse and interpretation of all data panelled.
Research Methods
Prior to describing research methods, it is important to note that this research is more of an observational study, a starting point for extensive research to be carried out, that is why the questionnaire is applied directly to the group without an initial test, or final testing, without intervention on the group by applying a special program designed to detect possible changes.
Subjects
The research was carried out on a lot of students from Petroleum Gas University of Ploiesti, consisting of two groups: Experiment Group - (GE) - composed of 30 students (s) Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering / Automatics and Applied Informatics / No Frequency) Abbreviated IME / AIA, Year II / N.F.; - and a Control Group - (GC) - composed of 32 students (s), Faculty of (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering / Automation and Applied Informatics), abbreviated IME / AIA, year II / Day, aged between 18 and 39 . The lot entered into the research was randomly chosen on the grounds that they have similar educational and motivational concerns, at least theoretically.
Research methods
The research was carried out taking into account the theme of "The importance of cognition in stimulating students' interest in physical education activity" and the fact that "... the partisans of continuity claim that science develops in the prolongation of common knowledge, distinguishing itself from it only by: degree of accuracy, depth, consistency, consistency, efficiency" (Crăciun, 2015, p. 13-14) thus I tried to motivate why I chose for research the following methods: The bibliographic study method; Observation method; Investigation method (talk, questionnaire, verification tickets, etc.); Pedagogical experiment method; Statistical-mathematical method; Graphic method.
These methods were chosen to substantiate both theoretically and practically the performed study:
Method of bibliographic study. Any research required a thorough, prior, substantiated information on the topic to be researched. This requires a critical analysis of the specialized scientific literature, native, foreign, sources of origin on the importance of cognition in the physical education activity of the students, this was made possible by using the above mentioned method.
Method of observation. This method was followed by obtaining information and meant knowledge, on the basis of which were made findings about what I noticed;
Method of investigation (talk, questionnaire, exam tickets, etc.). Using the conversation, the questionnaire, the exam tickets, we followed the importance of cognition in making training more effective and its impact on the actual group. For this we have made the questionnaire which I called: "Efficiency of enlightenment through cognition in the activity of physical education of students". The questionnaire was made up of 12 items that helped us to check each indicator for language skills, understanding, working memory, attention, perception, motoring, decision-making, relevant indicators to elucidate the research. It was not a standardized questionnaire, it was designed specifically for interethral research, moreover with a concluding purpose, and was used to gather the information needed to reason the topic.
In parallel with the above mentioned methods, we also used the driving tests to demonstrate the ability to decide on the subjects to be followed. In addition, we have checked the level of integration of students, their ability to adapt. As a last argument in favor of the importance of cognition for the efficiency of training in the physical education lesson, we brought two important indicators: memory and attention. The working tool that was at hand for checking memory and attention was called - Exams for the exam titled "Working memory and attention to the efficiency of marriage in the physical education lesson". We had ten tickets containing ten different motor structure, with the same number of technical elements. In testing, we approached two techniques (Technique 1, Technique 2) that I describe extensively when analyzing and interpreting data. Evaluation of working memory, attention was made on the basis of the number of elements retained and executed in the field, recorded in an observation protocol.
The analysis of the results was performed comparatively. The number of technical elements executed in the field was compared with the number of technical elements present in the ticket structure. So we have tried to support interacted research and to further clarify the importance of cognition in making training more effective as a determinant factor in increasing students' interest in the movement;
Pedagogic experiment method. It was a particular form of the natural experiment, it had a role of observation - it aimed to record the situation existing at one moment, but also had a formative role - it tracked the evidence of the factors of progress in order to improve the relationship; cognition-physical education-training-efficiency;
The statistical-mathematical method. Through this method, the interacted research pursued a more precise description of the multidimensional phenomenon in the relation between cognition and physical education-efficient training, drawing out some general conclusions regarding this phenomenon, summing up the results of the research in a significant form ;
Graphic method. By using the graphic ..., the statistical information was visualized, facilitating the overall perception of the data ... about the variance of the observed values, their distribution, the links between them ... and ... the evolution in time (William, 2010, p.13-14) of the indicators followed on the importance of cognition in the physical education of students.
Findings
In recent years there has been a decline in motivation for movement, a worrying aspect from an educational perspective. This is the reason why we have tried to introduce the psychological side of training as "The psychological training is a component of the instruction and training ..." (Sabău, Niculescu, & Gevat, 2014, p.499) and a way of diversification of the educational offer to increase the students' interest in the movement, the degree of involvement and the quality of the training level. To that end, I intend to study cognitive processes through a "... set of skills and processes that are present in almost every action of man ..." (Manaila, 2019, p.1-2) as indicators with regard to: language skills; understanding; working memory, attention; perceptive; motor actions; the ability to decide. These are relevant indicators for elucidating research and demonstrating how knowledge becomes an important lever in the educational instructive process and stimulating the interest in the movement. By orienting towards knowledge, ... we define a specific structural and functional component of the human psychic system, which reflects a state of necessity in a broad sense" (Golu, 2007, p. 675).
The present study proposes the analysis and evaluation of the above-mentioned indicators, which is why we divided the research into four stages:
Stage I - Stage of the questionnaire with the theme –"Efficiency of training by cognition in the physical education activity of students";Stage II - Stage- Tickets for examination with the title - "Work memory and attention in effectiveness of training into the physical education lesson;Stage III - Stage- Physical exams;Stage IV- Stage- Level o"f integration, adaptation ito the physical education lesson
Based on these stages, the interpretation and analysis of data gathered were performed
Analysis and interpretation of data
The research involved students from the Petroleum Gas University of Ploiesti. The research was carried out on two groups: an Experimental Group (G.E.) composed of 30 students, Faculty of IME / AIA, year II / N.F..; - and a Control Group (G.C.) composed of 32 students, Faculty of IME / AIA, year II / Day. The group entered into the research was randomly chosen. Subjects came from the same institutions and at least theoretically had similar educational concerns. The research was done in stages as follows:
Stage I-Stage of the questionnaire:
Questionnaire with the theme -
,, Efficiency of training by cognition in the physical education activity of students”;
The entire lot was applied. It was structured on 12 items as follows;
3 items (4,7,12) with open response, useful items to see what stimulates or blocks an individual in the relationship of cognition-physical education-efficient training;
2 items (6 ,8) with closed response;
- 7 items with answers at choice (1,2,3,5,9,10, 11) we asked students to score on a scale from 1 to 5 (where 1- means totally disagree, and 5 means total agreement) the preferred answer to the question, to check what it means for them to make cognition more effective.
- I mention that 2 items from the questionnaire (4,10) played a key role with multiple representation for (Linguistic skills versus the ability to decide, Linguistic skills versus working memory, attention).
Each section had a number of items with a direct reference to the observed component, and three items to verify the sincerity of the answers given by the subjects in the questionnaire (these items were marked with the star * in the tables, respectively the items: 1 *, 3 * *, 11 * .In this case, the seriousness is closely related to the decision-making capacity. Based on the items described above we have made the observation protocol on the importance of cognition in the efficiency of training and the increase of students' interest in the movement.
When applying the protocol there was no time limit, the students did not provide personal data, they were informed that the sincerity factor is essential, that it is not a competition so we assured the confidentiality, and we assured them of their sincerity through the elements described above. There was a lot of work on the test, and each question in the test had several variants. The application of the test required the ticking of the values indicating the preferred answer, but the opinion of the subjects was also requested.
Theoretically and practically, the questionnaire proposed a quick "scanning" of the existing literature but also an attempt to structure and present the information about its cognition and its applications as well as possible.
It was not a standardized questionnaire, it was used to gather the information needed to reason the topic. The items in the questionnaire were not analysed in the numerical order of the questionnaire when applied, but they were identified and commented on the importance I gave to physical education.
After the application we divided the questionnaire into five sections, analyzed the section questionnaire and interpreted the items according to the specifics of the indicators that we were trying to explain the importance of cognition. Each section has got the name after the theme analyzed in the following way:
When analyzing the answers, the following results were recorded according to the data in Table
Item 6. From the questionnaire - Do you know a basketball structure? A. Yes; b. No. In response to this question, we found that 98% of the experiment group (G.E.) and 95% of the control group (G.C) responded "Yes".Discrepancies occurred when they were asked to answer by field execution to Question No. 7 (table
Section
The quastionnaire through items; 9 and 10. Item 10 hd a double quality: 1 Checking both the working memory; 2. As well as checking the specific language, this is why item 10 will be analyzed in Section
4 .A Exam tickets; The results for the observed component - work memory, attention were recorded in table no. 02 in percent using the data collection tool - item no. 9 - How much is the point scored from a distance of more than 16 meters? 1 point; b. 2 points; c. 3 points; d. 0 points.
Although the requirement of item no. 9 of the questionnaire is a common requirement and should have been known to all subjects because it was taught and is part of the gaming regulation that has been taught or repeated by all the subjects at the beginning of physical education lessons at the entrance to life university and then applied in the game during the two years, weekly (we mention that all the students involved in the research are the second year, as a result they have a level of theoretical and practical knowledge similar to the training stage in which they are at least theoretically ). By the registered indicators for the obscured component - working memory, attention, for the two groups (G.E.); (G.C.), but differences were recorded (Table no 02). in 28 (93.34%) of the total of 30 subjects, correctly scored the value of 3 points for the scored goal from a distance greater than 16 meters while the subjects in the control group (GC) in a fairly small number 10 students out of a total of 32 (31.26%) indicated the correct answer, the rest of the subjects wrong the answer according to the indicators in table no. 2 The results recorded in table no. 2 demonstrate that attention plays an important role in verbalized information although it is transmitted the same, at the same time it is not stored identically by the subjects undergoing research. The difference in the transmission of information would probably be due to the presence or absence of an online platform whereby "... a person actively and directly interacts with a system” (“Human–computer interaction”, 2017, p.1) and where are the important information for cognition and automatic memory enhancement are written.
The component observed for Section
Items 5, 8 were closed-ended items for verifying the ability to decide where all students in the two groups (G.E. and G.C.) responded "yes" it is important to know a sports game; "Yes" - I know the rules of basketball. The 1 *, 3 *, 11 * indicators are items to check the sincerity of the answers given by the subjects (these items have been marked with star * in table no 03). asked students to score on a scale of 1 to 5 (where 1 means "totally disagree" and 5 means "total agreement") their answers. Thus I notice that although the responses were positive for both groups for items 5.8, they still appear different in the decisions. While students from G.C. are indecisive in answers or more neutral, in proportion of 43.75%, students from G.E. in 80% of the households they chose without hesitate the "total agreement" answer for the question of item 11 * . as it can be seen in table no 03. By the answers we actually have followed the influence of cognition in the ability to decide.
Thus, we have obtained a new confirmation of the theory of the importance of written information that fixes the data in memory and stimulates students' interstellar movement not only theoretical but also practical.
Section Language skills and understanding (verified by item 2.10 of the questionnaire);4 .
Linguistic abilities and understanding have been verified by item 2.10 of the questionnaire according to the data in the table
Asked, in order to check the linguistic ability, "What is the role of physical education in students' schedule?", (see table
The correct answers for item 10 were (a, c, d, e, g,). While G.E. notes the correct answers in very high percentages of 90% (a), 96.67% (e), even 100% for (c, d), G.C. record only 68.75% (d). By comparing the indicators obtained by the two groups, we observe the results that give the difference with respect to knowledge, due to the existence of the online platform for G.E. By the indicators registered in table no. 04 for the tracked component - it is also confirmed here what I noticed for item 9 as an online platform made available to students throughout the year would help to fix the written information in the minds of the students and would be a "trampoline" for recording the qualitative leap in training. Our affiliation is accompanied and demonstrated by the results of the two groups at item no. 10 of the questionnaire
Through the information obtained from sections
The component observed in Table
Stage II-Stage- Tickets of examination with title:
Stage-Exams for the title - "Working memory and attention to the efficiency of training in the physical education lesson". The working tools at hand for checking the memory and attention were - Exam tickets. We had ten tickets with ten different structures but with the same number of technical elements in a motric structure. I mention that these structures are also found on the on-line platform, students from the non-frequent education (N.F..) being able to access them at any time unlike the day-time students who do not have an online platform.
In testing we approached two verification techniques:
The evaluation of the working memory, attention was made on the basis of the motor sample and counting the elements retained and executed in the field, recorded in a previously observed observation protocol and by total points recorded by the two groups (G.E. and G.C.). The points were calculated separately for each group by multiplying the number of students with the number of points that corresponded to the number of technical elements retained and executed in the field.
The analysis of the results was presented in a comparative manner, the number of technical elements executed in the field was compared with the number of the technical elements present in the structure of the ticket and the points obtained. in a percentage of 73.33%, ie a number of 22 students out of 30 managed to execute five technical elements in five by comparative students in the control group did not climb to more than 4 elements, 46.87% of the total. The memory here having an especially important role being practiced by reading on the platform, to the students of G.C. they lack this exercise as visible in test results and recorded in table no. 05 on the basis of which we have attempted to support interacted research and to further clarify the importance of cognition in making training more effective as a determinant factor in increasing student interest in movement.
Stage III-Stage- Motion exams
Physical education is a practical and theoretical activity and hence the need of theoretical notions about movement on an on-line platform, in the study program of the students, for the practical side in parallel with the above-mentioned methods, we used the proper motor samples to demonstrate the importance of cognition in the ability to decide and thereby link to the online platform, meaning the theoretical notions that are inseparable and only go together to streamline physical education training.
The control tests used were:
Stage IV-Stage- Level of integration, adaptability
The level of integration, adaptation in the physical education lesson was verified by the number of present or absent one year and the number of medical exercise exertions (MS) for each group entered into research and were recorded in table no. 07 and figure
Through figure

Essential for the topic is also the presence of students in physical education lessons. Presence means awareness and efficiency of training. Students from G.E. in a very high percentage 83.33% participate in all the lessons, not absent. Students from G.C. participate in a total of 6-8 physical education lessons in 43.75%. These percentages clearly describe the level of integration, adaptation of students in the physical education lesson. Awareness through knowledge also gives the level of participation in the lesson which would confirm that by introducing into the student study program of theoretical notions about moving on an on-line platform which means active and direct dialogue of a person with a system, it increases the interest in student movement while at the same time increasing the level of integration and adaptation in lessons
Conclusion
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In recent years there has been a decline in motivation for movement, a worrying aspect from an educational perspective;
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In increasing the training and the interest of the students for movement, besides movement, it is also cognition,
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An important element in increasing the interest of students for physical education would be an online platform;
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The introduction of theoretical notions about movement on an on-line platform in the study program of the students brought to a positive change in the obtained results confirming the hypothesis of the research
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As a result, the online platform's effectiveness in the training efficiency was demonstrated (indicators in the 01.-07 tables and in the graph
01 demonstrate the statement); -
The study of the importance of cognition in the physical education lesson allowed us to realize that the notion of "cognition" refers to a process of comprehension, gathering of information, expressed in the accumulated experiences and then reproduced in every action of man (aspect studied and confirmed on the basis of the research stages from I to IV which culminated in the answers to the items in the questionnaire);
In conclusion, the introduction of theoretical notions about the benefits of exercise on an on-line platform with free access according to the students' needs influences and changes their positive attitude towards physical exercise, which is proved by improving the motor performance.
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16 May 2019
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Cite this article as:
Lupu, E. (2019). Efficiency Of Cognitive Training In Physical Education Of Students. In E. Lupu, G. Niculescu, & E. Sabău (Eds.), Sport, Education and Psychology - icSEP 2019, vol 61. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 64-79). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.05.8