Dependence Of Intramigration Processes On The Development Of Regional Infrastructure

Abstract

The object of the research in the article is the intramigration movement of human capital and its dependence on regional policies regarding the development of regional infrastructure. Understanding the nature of the object under study will make it possible to adjust the process of modernization of the infrastructure, assess the effectiveness of existing tools and use the results of the study to design new approaches to solving infrastructure problems at the regional and state levels. The aim of the study is to identify key infrastructure areas that can regulate the inflow and outflow of high-quality human capital. As the main tasks in the article: 1. The relevance of the infrastructure directions is analysed and their degree of influence on the intramigration balance of human capital is determined. 2. Analyses the role of the state in the development of regional infrastructure and the impact of the quality of human capital on the economic and social development potential of the regions and its dynamics. Including methodology of qualitative evaluation of the level of development of enterprise’s human capital and level of its correspondence to its needs, and determine the connection between these indicators with the help of the methods of regression and correlation analysis.

Keywords: Educationhealthhuman capitalinfrastructure of the regionsintramigration processquality of human capital

Introduction

Work on the regulation of the processes of internal migration of human capital as an object of research has been updated for quite some time. Serious work in this direction was carried out in pre-revolutionary Russia and the Soviet Union. The technologies of regulation and management of these processes over the past two hundred years have undergone enormous changes, although it is impossible not to note a number of problems requiring a scientific approach.

In addition, the very concept of human capital has undergone dramatic changes. The expansion of structural and functional potential, an expanded understanding of the range of its influence on the development paradigm of the entire structure of society on a civilizational scale has led to a new perception of countries and the world community. And at this stage of the formation of new economic, socio-political, postmodern realities, human capital has taken a leading place in the national wealth and in the total productive capital of developed countries, which is about 80%.

In the future, the redistribution of human capital flows is capable of a key influence on the socio-economic climate of countries investing in the development of regional infrastructure. “In the philosophical sense, modernization and dynamic development of the state are systemic changes in the physical, institutional, organizational, intangible (intellectual), financial and other factors of its functioning. It is safe to say that they ultimately lead to positive economic, social, political, institutional, environmental, infrastructural and other useful changes.

Human capital

To date, there are a number of economic schools that treat the concept of Human Capital in different ways. Our task is to try to formulate the most complete definition of Human Capital, assess its capabilities, prospects for development. The uneven development of social infrastructure in the region generates internal migration. People leave villages in search of better conditions and migrate to more comfortable settlements and cities. As an example, consider the diagram of internal migration in the Chelyabinsk region (Figure 01 ).

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Therefore, we can assess the impact of regional infrastructures on the inflow, development and quality of human capital. This, in turn, will allow us to assess the potential impact of human capital on the economy of the region. Besides, these findings highlight the importance of the demographic transition as a mechanism which under-pinned the expansion in human capital witnessed in Western economies during the twentieth century (Fernihough, 2017).

Human capital - a total system of elements, where each element can be claimed in this or that sphere of the economy. The elements of this system may be either congenital (physiological characteristics, biological, etc.) and acquired through education, experience in practice.

Factors determining human capital:

• the level of vocational education and qualifications,

• work experience and professional skills,

• the skills of social communication, the ability of independent judgment, leader-ship, moral qualities, education,

• intellectual and analytical skills,

• physical and physiological abilities and capabilities,

• intuition, including emotional intelligence,

• stability of the psyche and reaction speed, including stress resistance.

In other words, we can say that in economic terms, it is a measure of qualification, educational potential, and other individual characteristics that affect not only its productive capacity, but also on potential income. Characteristics and their combination are very individual, if not unique. However, according to OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), Human capital is defined as: skills and knowledge, competences and other personal attributes embodied in individuals or in professional communities acquired over a lifetime and used to produce goods, services or various types of intellectual property under market conditions.

It is important to note that human capital occupies the central role among the indicators of strategic effectiveness of enterprise, as it is a source of maximization of enterprise’s profit and provision of its sustainability and minimization of expenses, and compile recommendations for its development by modern enterprises (Ermolina, Golikov, Kozenko, & Ponosova, 2018).

Very modern can be considered the fact that in the Russian economic environment comes the understanding that a person with his education, qualifications, practical skills and experience (in the broadest sense of the word) is an important and at the same time an underestimated economic resource.

With this understanding, the meso-economy is an intermediate level between the macro- and micro-economies, on which economic processes are synthesized, within which regions, industries, large economic complexes (clusters, holdings, interregional and interindustry corporations) interact, interbranch and interregional technological chains and networks. Meso-economy is the sphere of the economy in which the institutional, regional, sectoral and infrastructure factors are synthesized, the processes of creating products and providing services as a result of the complex interaction of regions, industries, large economic complexes (Attanasio, Meghir, Nix, & Salvati, 2017).

Evaluation of this economic category is important task for micro- and macro-levels. As calculating mechanism mostly considers the cost determination of human or labor potential or human capital usually applying the World Bank methodological approaches and make calculations based on customer costs, capitalization of earnings, and cost and earnings ratio of human capital through the evaluation of the educational potential (Titarenko, 2013).

Problem Statement

One of the key problems raised in the article is the problem of the redistribution of human capital flows. According to the authors, this aspect is capable of a key influence on the socio-economic climate of countries investing in the development of regional infrastructure. Whereas, “in the philosophical sense, modernization and dynamic development of the state are systemic changes in the physical, institutional, organizational, intangible (intellectual), financial and other factors of its functioning. It is safe to say that they lead, ultimately, to positive economic, social, political, institutional, environmental, infrastructural and other beneficial changes.

Research Questions

The issues of development of infrastructure projects play an important role, but what types of infrastructure is the most essential argument for providing human capital with the quality of life that is needed in modern socio-economic realities? What factors, other than infrastructural, can affect the intramigration processes? What is the role of the state and regional authorities in the regulation of intramigration processes? Here are the basic questions that require research.

Purpose of the Study

The aim of the study is to identify key infrastructure areas that can regulate the inflow and outflow of high-quality human capital. As a result of the study, we need to solve the tasks or argue the existence of factors that impede the achievement of the desired results.

In addition, as the goals, the authors see:

1. Identification of the dependence of the volumes of internal migration and the quality of human capital on the level of development of certain types of infrastructure in the region.

2. Determination of the relationship between the strengthening of state support for the development of regional infrastructure and the quality level of migrating human capital.

3. Search for optimal approaches to the development of regional infrastructure and substantiation of the key role of the state in shaping a stable level of inflow and outflow of human capital.

The task of preserving and developing human capital is of strategic importance. According to A. Markov's just remark: “... human capital, in virtue of its nature, its economic origin and characteristics of reproduction, is in the sphere of natural interaction of the state, business, individual and society as a whole” (Schultz, 1963, p. 71-89). Thus, it is possible to evaluate the concrete world experience of economic growth, such as in China. It is important to say about the investments in human capital in China and its relation to China's participation in the world economy. The Cultural Revolution basically destroyed education in China, especially higher education. Data from the early period of the sixties and seventies show that very few people were trained in school. When China began to play a significant role in the world economy, the government is funding more education (Arkatov et al., 2014).

Research Methods

As research methods, the authors give their preference to a substantive and purposeful perception of economic phenomena, observation and collection of facts and statistical data. This allows for a comparative analysis of a number of different criteria, such as time, quantitative, as well as territorial criteria for evaluating data. In addition, it is impossible not to take into account the effectiveness of the historical-logical method, since in this case historical experience and the dynamics of changes make it possible to demonstrate these changes and further development trends.

Findings

Summing up, it should be noted that the gap between the regional centers, with the exception of the capital regions, is not so great, but there are a number of features that cannot be overlooked.

First, the degree of development of infrastructures, namely, this aspect reflects the ball-rating indicator, is much higher in those subjects that are located closer to the capital region. And it is characteristic that at the same time the outflow of the population in them is approximately equal to the outflow of human capital from distant regions, with the least developed infrastructure. From which one can draw a conclusion: regions with the most developed infrastructure, with a higher quality of life and proximity to the capital, like a magnet draw in themselves a qualitative human capital. They devastate those regions in which the infrastructure is developed, but there are no prospects for further development and highly paid employment. To the same extent, those entities in which the necessary infrastructure is less developed and there is an acute shortage of quality human capital suffers from the losses of the human capital. As they cannot provide themselves with quality human capital. Secondly, climatic features, considerable remoteness, isolation and other specificity of some regions significantly complicate the life and work of a person in these conditions.

It is necessary to eliminate such distortions. In all this, we are interested in the role assigned to the state as a guarantor of stability, law and law, acting on the side of this man himself. For example, we can say “about investing in human capital in China and his attitude to China's participation in the global economy. The Cultural Revolution basically destroyed education in China, especially higher education. Data from the early period of the sixties and seventies show that very few people were at school in China, especially in high school or university. When China began to participate in the global economy, it all began to change. The Chinese government began to spend a very small part of its income on education at a still lower but much higher share” (Becker, 2012, p. 518).

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be noted that the development of high-quality social, transport and engineering infrastructure plays a key role in the formation of high-quality human capital. This includes housing, kindergartens, schools, universities, hospitals, sports and entertainment complexes, cultural facilities, transport, energy facilities, utilities network. All this makes it possible to make a person's life complete and qualitative. To date, the development of regional infrastructure as a kind of unified system is due to the need to withdraw a number of regions from the economic crisis and confront the aggressive economic situation in the international market. It is important to understand that investing in the development, modernization and innovation of the regional infrastructure will fill the labor market with demanded personnel, reduce unemployment, increase people's incomes and quality of life.

References

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