Attributes And Sectoral Characteristics Of Innovative Cluster

Abstract

The article discusses the features and contradictions of cluster development, as well as the main types of innovation clusters as the main form of integration of high-tech industries at the regional level. Within the framework of the study universal characteristics of cluster formations are considered. Multiclusters are separated into a separate kind of clusters with a common core in the form of an innovation cluster. These universal characteristics determined the most significant attribute properties of innovation clusters. The essential content of the category “innovation cluster” is presented by the authors through the selection of such attribute properties as concentration, coordination, complementarity and competition. The article also highlighted the attribute properties of the cluster, which form the contradictions of the process of cluster development of the territory. The author's approach to the development of an integrated clustering model of the economic space of the Russian regions is to consider innovative clusters as the fundamental segments of innovative multi-clusters. Based on the results of the research, innovative multi-clusters have been identified as a form of economic development of territories with a multi-structured economy. At the same time, the phased integration of multi-clusters is considered through three echelons of clusters: innovative pilot clusters, integrating the production of breakthrough technologies; clusters of innovative technologies and engineering that create the technological basis for the modernization of the economy; clusters of high-tech products aimed at global markets for goods, works and services.

Keywords: Cluster policyeconomic developmentinnovative clustermulti-clusternew technologiesregional economy

Introduction

The solution of the task of restoring the sustainable rates of social and economic development of the Russian Federation in the context of the implementation of an integrated import substitution policy actualizes the problems of developing models for the formation of clusters as purposefully created self-developing economic systems (Markov, 2015). The importance of studying clustering processes is increasing due to the increasing global trends within the Russian economy associated with the processes of dematerialization of consumer goods, informatization of management systems and the networkization of socio-economic interactions (Gimadeeva, 2015).

It is necessary to note a tendency to intensify the contradictions in the development of the world economic system, the main one of which is multidirectional, on the one hand, the processes of globalization and international cooperation, on the other hand, the intensification of the processes of regionalization of production (Porter, 2003). The further development of these trends actualizes the practical search and scientific substantiation of new forms of the international organization of high-tech production in the field of network and cluster forms of economic interactions. At the same time, modern Russian conditions for industrial modernization and the creation of new high-tech industries are characterized by a decrease in the efficiency of territorial production complexes (TPC) as points of economic growth (Kleiner, 2015).

Problem Statement

Today, the successful experience of implementing cluster initiatives in the world practice of managing the socio-economic development of territories allows us to consider the cluster as a demanded spatial-organizational form of implementation of the state regional policy (Matafonova, 2016). In Russia, the cluster approach to state regulation of the economy at the regional level is also gaining increasing political popularity and practical relevance (Dzhindzholia, Popkova, & Shakhovskaya, 2015). The complexity of the effective implementation by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of a cluster approach to state regulation of the economy is due to the fact that in modern Russian science and management practice a cluster is a synthesis of territorial and regional, innovation and industrial, sectoral and intersectoral approaches to spatial organization of production (Fikhtner & Shalmuev, 2012). This feature determines the need for an integrated approach to the study of cluster formations.

Research Questions

It seems appropriate to consider the current state of cluster development of the Russian economy at the regional level, its main trends and contradictions.

No less important for the study are the issues of creating innovative clusters, their characteristics and features at the present stage of development.

Isolation and characterization of the attribute properties of the cluster will help to explain the contradictions of cluster development, and a study of the sectoral characteristics of clusters can illustrate the trends in regional economic development.

Special attention should be paid to multiclusters as a special type of clusters.

Purpose of the Study

The aim of the study is to systematize and clarify the attribute properties of innovation clusters, as well as systematization of the main industry trends in the formation of a new production and technology platform based on innovation clusters.

Research Methods

The proposed theoretical and methodological approaches to modeling the development of clusters are based on their attribute properties as a complex economic system, striving to streamline and develop the internal organizational structure by institutionalizing existing socio-economic relationships and developing effective forms of organizing interactions. It should be noted that the clusters are also characterized by the evolutionary nature of the processes of transformation of the institutional environment, due to the cooperation of the organizations participating in the cluster to increase the level of its self-organization as a whole (Kucenko, 2009).

In the course of the study, the cluster is also considered as a special socio-economic system that independently forms the following institutional mechanisms: self-organization and self-regulation of interactions between economic entities, self-development of its participants and self-improvement of the cluster as an integral system. The proposed approach to modelling the clustering processes in the economic space is based on the systemic, evolutionary, structural-functional approaches, it also takes into account the effects of clustering territorial economic systems such as synergy, emergence and supervenience.

Findings

Attributes of innovative cluster

The most significant for building a complex clustering model of the regional economy are the attribute properties of innovative clusters: concentration, coordination, complementarity, competition. The essential content of the category “innovation cluster” is schematically presented in Figure 01 .

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Such a property of a cluster as a concentration should be considered not only through spatial localization, but also as the formation by residents of a cluster of a special type of territory, characterized by the environment-forming industry specifics of production and the formation of cultural identity. Consequently, concentration is the basic characteristic of clusters, on the basis of which a complex of economic activities complementary to each other is formed. Cultural identity enhances the competitiveness of residents of cluster education through the formation of sustainable socio-cultural ties based on the unity of traditions, norms and rules of interaction.

Complementarity as an attribute property of clusters is manifested in the following aspects: the formation within the borders of the territory of closed technological cycles; integration within the cluster of suppliers of resources, producers and consumers of goods, works and services. The complementarity of the cluster residents makes it possible to achieve a reduction in transaction costs due to the formation of a common technological platform and resource base of production activities, as well as the implementation of joint innovation projects.

Coordination of cluster residents is understood as a set of information flows and network interaction channels. This type of development factors, unlike other traditional resources, is invariant to the material carrier and, depending on the environment, can be transformed under the influence of the evolution of economic systems: from industrial to service and knowledge types of development.

Competition implies the existence of a multipolar structure of economic growth within the framework of the internal environment of the cluster, in particular, concentration of large-scale economic entities that are complementary to large enterprises and organizations generating innovative technologies. Competition is the main stimulus for the generation and commercialization of innovative technologies by the residents of the cluster.

The following attribute characteristics of clusters are identified, which, in accordance with the law of unity and struggle of opposites, form contradictions in the process of cluster development, are presented in Table 01 .

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The above general attribute attributes allowed to make a conclusion about the possibility of separating a separate type of clusters, characterized by a more complex multicomponent structure and adjacent sectoral affiliation of economic entities participating in the cluster. Partial removal of the contradictions presented in Table 1 arising in the process of clustering of the economic space is possible within the framework of the formation of innovative multiclusters identified as an independent type of cluster formations. The integration of high-tech industries related to related industries within the innovative multi-cluster takes place around a single technological and manufacturing “core”, which is played by an innovation cluster.

Thus, the development of innovative multi-clusters allows, through more effective implementation of advanced innovative technologies, to intensify the processes of modernizing industrial production and forming a common knowledge environment of the territory based on effective cooperation institutions of state power, high-tech production, science and education.

Conclusion

The development of theoretical and methodological approaches to the spatial modeling of the formation of innovation clusters is based on considering the innovation cluster as a complex meso-economic system with a specific structure of the organizational hierarchy and network horizontal interactions, as well as its own mechanisms for institutionalizing economic interactions. The attribute attributes and features of innovation clusters identified in the course of the research allow consideration of the network interrelations between its participants as fairly equal and mutually beneficial.

It was concluded that the key components for the effective implementation of the formation of innovation clusters are: the “core” of the cluster, which is played by the innovative cluster itself, large high-tech enterprises, which determine the structure of economic relations within the industry segments of the cluster. The interrelation of individual industry segments of the innovation cluster is provided by optimizing the flow of economic, social and information resources within the overall internal environment.

At the same time, the complex structure of the innovation multi-cluster is due to the presence of two levels of organizational and economic interactions. The basic (sectoral) level of multi-cluster education forms economic relations and interrelations within the framework of adjacent industry segments of the multi-cluster. The second (cluster) level of multi-cluster education forms interconnections between industry segments of a multi-cluster based on economic transactions and the creation of value chains by enterprises and organizations belonging to adjacent industry segments.

The position on the relevance for the modern conditions of the Russian economy to the developed model of the formation of innovative clusters as the optimal form of using the resources of the territory, the complex modernization of industry and the production of high-tech products in demand in the domestic and foreign markets has been substantiated. At the same time, it was noted that in the conditions of the innovation paradigm of economic growth, enterprises that are members of an innovation cluster can effectively compete in global technology and innovation markets only if the clustering processes of the territory’s economic system are provided with the appropriate theoretical and methodological support. As a result, for the subsequent stages of the research, the scientific task is set to consider the methodological approaches to the development of an integrated model for the formation and development of innovation clusters in an essential and meaningful way.Please replace this text with context of your paper.

Acknowledgments

These researchers were supported by the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation for the state support of young Russian scientists MK-1479.2017.6 and Grant of Russian Foundation for basic research № 18-010-00647 А.

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