Dependent Variable |
Definition |
Measurement |
Adopt from |
Accretive share buyback (ACCSBB) |
Earnings management’s activity that increases the EPS. |
1 = Accretive share buyback0 = Otherwise |
Chandren et al. (2015) |
Independent Variables |
Definition |
Measurement |
Adopt from |
Board Size (BDSIZE) |
The total number of the directors on the board |
The total number of directors on the board. |
Chandren et al. (2015) |
CEO Duality (CD) |
CEO of the company is also the Chairman of the board of directors. |
1 = CEO and Chairman is the same person 0 = Otherwise. |
Chandren et al. (2015) |
Multiple Directorships (MULTIDITR) |
A person holding director position of more than one board. |
The proportion of directors on the board of the company having at least one additional directorship in another company over the total number of directors on the board. |
Chandren et al. (2015) |
Board Independence (BDINDPDC) |
The company must have a majority of outside or non-executive directors |
The number of independent non-executive directors divided by the total number of board of directors. |
Chandren et al. (2015) |