Control Action (CA) |
CA causes hazard |
Lack of CA causes hazard |
CA too early/ too late/ wrong sequence |
CA too long or too short causes hazard |
Government, Regulatory Agencies |
Provides inadequate laws, regulations and standards for approval and operation; Approves inadequate organisations;Conducts inadequate investigations and audits of the certified training organization; |
Does not provide regulations and standards for critical aspects of flight training; Laws and regulations fail to promote a just culture (e.g. Janezic, 2016); Does not amend, limit, suspend or revoke the company’s training certificate when the conditions according to which it was issued are no longer fulfilled |
Provides laws, regulations and standards too late;Conducts investigations and audits of the certified training organization of the company too late;Amends, limits, suspends or revokes the company’s training certificate too late |
- |
Associations |
Provide inadequate recommendations, reports |
Do not provide required recommendations, reports |
Provide recommendations, report too late |
- |
Company Management |
Provides inadequate safety policy, standards, resources; Promotes a blame culture; Excessive pressure to fulfil concurrent goals on costs of safety |
Does not promote a safety culture (e.g., Ioannou et al., 2017);Does not provide necessary resources; |
Provides resources and standards too late |
- |
Operations management |
Provides inadequate procedures, resources, staff planning/ scheduling |
Lack of procedures, resources, oversight; |
Provides resources, procedures and standards too late |
- |
Flight Instructor |
Provides conflicting or uncoordinated control inputs;Provides inadequate instruction or CAs |
Does not follow the procedures when required; Does not provide CAs or does not take over the control |
Provides control inputs too late; Takes over the control too late |
Provides too short or too long control inputs; too short instruction before and after practical sessions; too long verbal instructions during practical flight |
Trainee |
Providesinadequate CAs |
Does not perform a required CA;Does not followthe instructor’scommand |
Provides CA tooearly, too fast, too late or in the wrong sequence |
Provides too short or too long CAs |
Automation |
Providesinadequate CAs |
Does not provide a required CA |
Provides CA tooearly, too fast, too late or in the wrong sequence |
Provides too short or too long controlinputs |
Other controllers |
CA causes hazard |
Lack of CA causes hazard |
CA too early/ too late/ wrong sequence |
CA too long or too short |