| The traditional manual |
The modern manual |
| - the selection of contents is rigid, from which it follows a set of fixed information and an academic treatment of subjects |
- the selection of contents is permissive, from which it follows a set of variable information, in which the teacher and the pupil have free space of creation |
| - the information is presented as an standardized interpretation, closed, universal and self-sufficient;- the information constitutes a purpose in itself. |
- the information is presented so that to stimulate alternative interpretations;- information is a means for the training of skills, values and attitudes. |
| - provides a way of learning that involves memorization and reproduction. |
- offers a way of learning which involves understanding and explanation. |
| - represents a mechanism for the formation of an ideological knowledge-type |
- represents a mechanism which stimulates the critical thinking. |
