Abstract
Considering the fact that pre-school teachers often evaluate children’s characteristics as a part of their work, it is interesting to investigate the relationship between their own personalities and children’s’ temperament. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is related to the following question: ‘’Are preschool teachers’ evaluations of children’s temperament independent from their personality traits?’’. Moreover, what will also be analyzed is the relationship between the preschool teachers’ personality and the children’s temperament, the level of work demands and how much the children like their pre-school teachers. Correlational research design included the application of two personality measures: the Ten Item Personality Inventory for preschool teachers’ self-estimation of personality traits and the EAS questionnaire for the estimation of children’s temperament. 10 pre-school teachers assessed their own temperament and the temperament of 128 children. The collected data were analyzed by using the descriptive and correlational statistical procedures. The descriptive statistics demonstrated the expected levels of pre-school teachers’ personality traits and children’s temperament, while the correlational analysis revealed a significant correlation between the pre-school teachers’ extraversion, neuroticism and openness to experience and all children’s temperament dimensions. The level of work demands was lower in children with low emotionality and activity levels and high sociability levels. Children liked those preschool teachers with higher conscientiousness and agreeableness levels more. This study clearly demonstrated that evaluation of children’s temperament is not independent from preschool teachers’ personality traits. The level of working demands assessed by pre-school teachers depends on children’s temperament, just as the question of how much the children like their pre-school teachers depends on the preschool teachers’ personality traits. The findings are discussed within the frame of the quality process of early and pre-school education.
Keywords: Preschool teachers’ personality traitschildren’s temperamentevaluation dependencepreschool education
1.Introduction
The learning and teaching process in educational institutions depends on a variety of factors
(Vizek-Vidović et al., 2014). What determines the behaviour of both, the pre-school teachers and the
children, and results in their behaviour within a group in pre-school institutions is their personality, which
is not only specific to each pre-school teacher, but also to each child in particular. The personality
indicates the characteristics of a person's behaviour, their reactions, motivations and actions, and it is
therefore determined by that person's actions, interpretation, and experience (Fulgosi, 1994). Even though
it is an extremely important part of human behaviour, there have only been a few studies about the
personality of both the pre-school teachers and the children, as well as the relationship between these two.
Moreover, even though the assessment of different aspects of children's behaviour in a group on the part
of the pre-school teacher is a habitual part of their job done on a daily basis, there are almost no studies
about whether or not the assessments of children's temperament differ according to the pre-school
teacher's personality. In other words, there are no clearly defined answers to the question whether or not
the assessments of children's temperament differ depends on the characteristics of the pre-school teacher's
personality. Therefore, judging by the importance of achieving objective assessment of both the children's
temperament and their other characteristics, it is of the utmost importance to obtain the answers to this
question which are as reliable as possible.
1.1.Pre-school teachers’ personality and children’s temperament
Even though many studies have dealt with the issue of the pre-school teachers’ successfulness,
their educational methods, their pedagogical values and competences which directly affect the successful
organization and the results of their work with pre-school children, there have only been a few studies
dedicated to the analysis of the pre-school teacher’s personality (Tatalović Vorkapić, 2012, 2015). The
structure and the function of implicit pedagogy quite clearly points to the importance of particular
characteristics which are not influenced or shaped by the compulsory education and the pre-school
teacher's professional training, yet have a hidden and extremely significant influence on the group climate
and the educational and developmental outcomes (Jančec, Tatalović Vorkapić & Lepičnik Vodopivec,
2015).
Contemporary studies have usually looked into the pre-school teacher's personality within the
framework of the Big5 personality model (Tatalović Vorkapić, 2012, 2015). This is a hierarchical
personality model which defines personality as a set of five basic personality dimensions: extraversion,
neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness to experience (Costa & McCrae,
1992). Each of these five personality domains is made up of six specific personality aspects or traits
(Costa & McCrae, 1992; 1995a; 1995b). Extraversion is a personality domain which denotes sociable,
friendly, active, talkative and assertive people who like stimulation and excitement and are full of energy
and optimism. Neuroticism is a domain with a high tendency towards fear, sadness, anger, guilt, anxiety,
hurt and emotional instability, in general within its framework. Conscientiousness is a characteristic
shared by the people who are strongly focused on the goal, who stand out because of their ability to exert
self-control, plan, execute or organize their activities. Agreeableness arises from the basis of altruism and
people who display this characteristic are usually likable, compassionate and willing to help. Lastly,
openness to experience is a characteristic of a person who owns and develops active imagination,
independent thought, aesthetic sensitivity and intellectual curiosity, prefers diversity and is free-spirited.
In other words, this person cherishes the divergence of opinions and likes experimenting and creating
his/her own ideas. As it was expected, former studies have shown that pre-school teachers manifest high
levels of extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to experience, and a lower level of
neuroticism (Tatalović Vorkapić, 2012, 2015, 2016a; Tatalović Vorkapić & Lončarić, 2013; Tatalović
Vorkapić, Vujičić & Čepić, 2014; Tatalović Vorkapić & Jelić Puhalo, 2016; Tatalović Vorkapić, Čepić &
Šekulja, 2016). According to everything abovementioned, it is possible to conclude that pre-school
teacher with a low level of neuroticism, high level of extraversion, openness to experience,
conscientiousness and agreeableness is preferred in a group of children during the learning and teaching
process. Because, the children need someone to joke and laugh with, someone who will work actively
with them and encourage individual cooperative learning and exploration. Also, children prefer someone
they will trust and feel safe with and someone with whom they want to share their opinions and
deliberations.
On the other hand, the children's temperament is often analyzed within the framework of the EAS
temperament model (Buss & Plomin, 1975, 1984). This model has a significant biological determination,
defining temperament as a hereditary personality trait which is clearly visible and recognizable even from
an early age. Emotionality, activity and sociability are dimensions measured by this model (impulsiveness
has been suggested in a previous version of the model, but this dimension has only been confirmed in the
sample of school children; Tatalović Vorkapić & Lončarić, 2015). Children’s emotionality takes into
consideration the high levels of excitement and the negative reactions which can appear in a range from
slight disapproval and fear to extreme rage. Furthermore, energy use and the children pace characterize
the dimension of activity. An extremely active child is physically more active than other children, needs
more dynamic activities and is constantly looking for them. The last dimension of sociability refers to
how much time a child wants to spend with others and how effectively he deals with the stimuli from
his/her environment (Buss & Plomin, 1975). Sindik and Basta-Frljić (2008) have pointed out that a
number of studies have shown that the children's temperament, i.e., its certain aspects, are quite stable
over a period of time. Reports, questionnaires or structured interviews which are filled by parents or
different “significant others”, such as pre-school teachers are usually applied for measuring children's
temperament (Sindik & Basta-Frljić, 2008).
Every pre-school teacher and every child function according to the characteristics of their
personality which they express to a greater or lesser extent in their everyday lives. Some personality traits
are more dominant than others, what should be taken into account in the learning and teaching process, so
it could be adjusted according to the needs and abilities of all those who participate in it.
1.2.The importance of pre-school teachers’ personality and children temperament in early educational context
The personality traits that are present in children and pre-school teachers have significant impact
on creating the process of learning and teaching in a pre-school institution. They should not be left out
because every child and every pre-school teacher are individuals determined by their personality traits
which influence their functioning with(in) their environment. The pre-school teacher is the one who
should be aware of his or her characteristics and well acquainted with the characteristics of the children
(S)he works with in order to ensure, in the best possible way, their overall growth and development in
accordance with their needs and particularities. Rudolf Steiner (1965-1925) has stated that the
temperament is in the center of the traits we inherit and what we achieve on an individual level. He
emphasized that students display three different types of temperament. According to Steiner, melancholic
children are those who spend a lot of time thinking, those who think everything is difficult and those who
like the tragic. Phlegmatic children are those who like being on their own and can often be found sitting
alone in the corner, but if something interest them, they can be very perseverant in what they do. The
most energetic type of temperament used to differentiate between children is the choleric. Such children
can easily fascinate others and also encourage them to get angry very quickly. By knowing the children
and their temperament, the pre-school teacher can, for example, adapt the telling of a story according to
their needs and in accordance with their temperaments. For instance, by reading a story to choleric
children, the pre-school teacher can emphasize the consonants and show motivation, while melancholic
children require the pre-school teacher to emphasize the vowels that express feelings. Sanguine children
are those whose temperament requires them to know how to develop love and affection towards a certain
person. All this is supported by the fact that it is once again pointed out that the pre-school teacher must
first know his/her own temperament, overcome his/her one-sidedness and try to provide an example of
balance of all four temperaments for all the children in the educational group (Seitz & Hallwachs, 1996).
Each profession consists of a variety of different personality structures which have to face the
personal or professional obstacles. The job of pre-school teacher, along with the educational work with
children of different mental and chronological age, with all their particularities and specificities, also
includes working with parents, cooperation with fellow pre-school teachers, professional associates and
the personnel of the educational institution. The pre-school teachers should firstly recognize and
accommodate the needs of every child separately, because a child is an individual for him/herself, and
thus deserves understanding and consideration. Moreover, the pre-school teacher has to adapt to different
curricula and working methods which are specific and culturally contextualized (Tatalović Vorkapić &
Lončarić, 2013). At the same time, every child reacts and communicates in his/her own way with his/her
environment and his/her pre-school teacher. A child directs the pre-school teacher and shows him/her the
way to making child’s dreams and wishes coming true according to his/her preferences and needs
determined by his/her personality traits. The pre-school teacher is the one who is supposed to recognize,
recognize and accept a child's personality traits and therefore adjust the whole learning and teaching
process in his/her own way and in the most suitable way. The relationship between the pre-school teacher
and the child is reciprocal, what means that their interactional network creates a characteristic
environment and atmosphere within the educational group.
Each pre-school teacher's practice is based on a personal theory or conception about: the
educational facility; child and childhood; learning and teaching opportunities; and education in a given
context. Through his/her actions and verbal and non-verbal communication with the child, the pre-school
teacher transfers his/her beliefs, his/her conception of the child, his/her own opinion about each child
separately and the educational institution. The image which the pre-school teacher creates about the child
or about his/her individual relationship with that child is in a similar way reflected in the actions of that
pre-school teacher directed towards the child and vice versa (Miljak, 1996). The interactional approach
states that the social interactions realized by the child, in this case with the pre-school teacher, depend on
the level of compatibility of his/her own personality with that of the pre-school teacher (Vizek-Vidović et
al., 2014). It is very important to mention that the pre-school teacher's everyday educational work
includes different forms of evaluating children's characteristics and, consequently, their temperament.
These evaluations usually rely on the pre-school teacher's ability and objectivity in observing children's
behaviour. This is not always simple, especially because study programs do not include relevant practice
and skill acquisition, so the future pre-school teachers do not know how to objectively observe.
Therefore, studying the relationship between the pre-school teacher's personality and the child's
temperament and analyzing the extent to which the evaluation of the child's temperament is not
conditioned by the pre-school teacher's personality poses a great challenge for improving the pre-school
teacher practice. And, not only practice, but also presents a great challenge for improving an early and
pre-school education as the scientific discipline. Education is an open process which is conditioned by the
dynamic institution of pre-school education created by overall conditions and living organisms that are
specific per se, unique and developmental. Such comprehension of children and adults as researchers and
individuals in this process represents one of the more important parts for a better understanding and
adjusting of the learning and teaching process (Slunjski, 2009).
2.Purpose of the Study
Bearing in mind the importance of personality traits of all the participants within the learning
process, the main purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between the personality traits of
the pre-school teacher and the temperament of the children. Therefore, the tasks of this research are as
follows: a) to analyze the personality traits of the pre-school teachers; extraversion, neuroticism,
conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to experience, and the dimensions of the children’s
temperament (emotionality, activity and sociability); b) to analyze the relationship between the pre-school
teachers’ personality traits, the children's temperament dimensions, the level of easiness of working with
children and their affection towards the pre-school teacher.
Based on the results of previous studies and the relevant literature, the following has been
expected: a) the determination of the pre-school teachers’ personality traits and the dimensions of
children’s temperament that are similar to those mentioned in previous studies; b) given the lack of
former studies, no significant relationships between pre-school teachers’ personality traits, children's
temperament dimensions, the level of easiness of working with children and their affection towards the
pre-school teacher (null hypothesis).
3.Research Methods
3.1.Participants
The study has been conducted on a sample of
temperament of
pre-school teachers was
experience was
participating in this study was
easiness of working with children in the group is
means that pre-school teachers have the easier work the child which temperament has been rated. The
range of the results of the estimated ease of work is from 2 to 5. The average grade children gave to their
pre-school teachers depending on how much they like them is
3, with the higher level denoting children liking their pre-school teachers more. Lastly, the pre-school
teachers estimated that their personality traits are very important for working with children (
However, it is also important to point out the fact that the children's personality traits cannot be
dismissed, and so the pre-school teachers have considered them moderately important for their work (
3.20).
3.2.Measures
Two questionnaires have been used during this research. One self-assessment questionnaire was
applied for the aim of assessing the pre-school teachers’ personality and another one for the assessment of
the children's temperament on the part of the pre-school teachers.
The personality self-assessment questionnaire was a short questionnaire directed towards
measuring the dimensions of the Big5 Personality Model, named
Gosling, Rentfrow & Swann, 2003), i.e., its adapted version (Tatalović Vorkapić, 2016b). The
participants had to rate their personality on a Likert-type scale consisting of 7 points by entering the
corresponding numerical values depending on whether they agreed or disagreed with the statements (
extraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to experience. It has
shown a satisfactory Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of
The pre-school teachers rated the children's temperament on the EAS questionnaire (Buss &
Plomin, 1975, 1984) on a Likert-type scale consisting of 5 points by entering the value which is most in
line with the child's personality traits (
15 items which measured: emotionality (E), activity (A) and sociability (S). The determined Cronbach's
alpha coefficients for the temperament dimensions are: for emotionality
for sociability
3.3.Procedure
The study has been conducted in agreement with three randomly selected kindergarten managers
who had previously given their written consent. Furthermore, the pre-school teachers who participated in
this study also gave their verbal consent, same as the parents of the children whose children’s
temperament have been rated. The collected data served as empirical results in writing a bachelor's thesis
at the Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Rijeka. Taking into consideration the pre-school
teachers’ voluntary and anonymous participation and the guaranteed data confidentiality, the
kindergartens are not named but they are enumerated instead (1-3). Four pre-school teachers and four
children's groups were encompassed in the first kindergarten (
educational groups in the second (
third (
When collecting data, the pre-school teachers were given two questionnaires along with the
instructions: the questionnaire for the self-assessment of their personality and the questionnaire for the
assessment of the children's temperament. After completing the questionnaire with the assigned codes for
every child, the researcher asked each child a question about how much they liked their pre-school
teacher, wanting to keep the study as objective as possible. The question was as follows:
The computer program SPSS 20 was used for analyzing gathered data. Descriptive statistics was
used to analyze the pre-school teachers’ personality traits and the children's temperament. Correlation
analysis was used to analyze the relation between the focus variables.
4.Findings
Table
rates of children’s temperament (emotionality = E, activity = A, sociability = S) and the personality traits
of ten pre-school teachers (extraversion = E, neuroticism = N, agreeableness = A, conscientiousness = C
and openness to experience = O). results for personality traits are presented for each pre-school teacher
separately and for all of them as average result. In the same way, their rates for three temperament
dimensions were presented. As it was expected, the results demonstrated that the dimensions of
temperament of pre-school children and the dimensions and personality traits of the pre-school teachers
confirm the results of previous studies (Tatalović Vorkapić, 2012, 2015, 2016a; Tatalović Vorkapić &
Lončarić, 2015). By analyzing the individual results of the pre-school teachers on each of the five
personality dimensions, as well as the average results, it can be seen that high levels of extraversion,
emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience are confirmed, too.
These are expected findings regarding the desirable and needed personality characteristics that each pre-
school teacher should possess. Regarding the children’s temperament results, high sociability estimates,
somewhat lower activity estimates and the low negative emotionality estimates have also been confirmed
in previous studies.
The results of the correlation analysis aimed at analyzing the relation between the estimated
dimensions of temperament in pre-school children and the self-assessed dimensions of personality in pre-
school teachers are shown in Table 2. In general, it can be seen that the assessment of children's
temperament is not independent from the dimensions of the pre-school teachers’ personality. The
established results show that this research has not confirmed the null-hypothesis, considering the fact that
it had been expected that there would not be any significant relation between the self-assessed personality
traits of the pre-school teacher and the estimated dimensions of temperament in children. Therefore, the
estimation of the children's temperament is significantly related with the individual self- assessed
dimensions of the pre-school teacher's personality. In other words, the assessment of temperament in
children in the learning and teaching process is not independent from the personality traits of the pre-
school teachers who work with them in the educational group.
More specifically, the dimensions of openness to experience, neuroticism and extraversion have
shown significant relationships with certain dimensions of temperament in children. In other words, the
pre-school teachers who rated themselves as more open to experience tend to rate the children as less
effect on the three dimensions of children's temperament, i.e., children's emotionality, activity and
sociability. Therefore, the dimensions of children's temperament depend on the dimensions of the pre-
school teacher's temperament. Therefore, this raises a question about whether the pre-school teachers can
even rate children objectively, i.e. independently from their personality traits? The results show that the
pre-school teachers assess the dimensions of children's temperament according to their own personality
traits. As Zentner and Bates (2008) emphasized, besides expectations, values and context, teachers’
personality has a strong impact on the rates of children’s temperament. A higher level of openness to
experience in pre-school teachers is connected with lower emotionality levels in children. It is also
interesting to point out that increasing the level of emotional instability in pre-school teachers would
decrease the perception of activity and sociability in children. This poses a question whether it is possible
to assess children's temperament independently from one's own personality traits which form and
characterize us as human beings who function in their own unique way. How to train future pre-school
teachers who, as experts in the learning and studying process, will be able to assess children
independently from their own personality traits which they are aware of to a greater or lesser extent and
which are more or less evident in their work? Can not only the pre-school teachers, but also other
professionals who work with pre-school children even achieve this? Is it possible for us to observe
children's temperament regardless of our
The results related to the connection between the estimated level of difficulty in the pre-school
teachers' work with children and the dimensions of temperament show that those children who are
significantly less emotional and less active and those who have significantly high level of sociability are
the easiest to work with. This statement could be drawn from determined significant negative correlation
between the estimated level of easiness of the pre-school teachers' work and the dimension of children's
emotionality and activity, and the established significant positive correlation between the level of easiness
of the pre-school teachers' work and the dimension of sociability. Such results are understandable,
considering the fact that working with children who have positive emotionality, who are calm and not
easily irritated, less active and more sociable, and have a higher tendency to cooperate and comfortably
interact with others, is less demanding.
Lastly, the results which show an estimation of how much children like their pre-school teachers
are as follows. The children liked the pre-school teachers who were significantly more conscientious and
agreeable, much more than those who did not display such characteristics. The results show that the
children like those pre-school teachers who are conscientious and use their work to make them feel safe,
which is extremely important to the children. Moreover, the children want the pre-school teacher who is
sensible and aware of their needs, one who understands them and one who can be trusted. The pre-school
teachers with a high self-rates of the dimension of agreeableness are likable, altruistic, and as such attract
children with their personality traits. Moreover, it has been established that the pre-school teachers find it
easier to work with children who have decided they liked a particular pre-school teacher more. Therefore,
the pre-school teachers find it easier to work with children who liked them and showed affection towards
them.
5.Conclusion
The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between the pre-school teachers'
personality traits and the pre-school children's temperament in an early and pre-school educational
context. Pre-school children have been rated as significantly more emotional by the highly extraverted
pre-school teachers and by those who were less open towards new experiences. The pre-school teachers
that were more emotionally unstable have rated the children as significantly less active and sociable.
Moreover, the children have expressed that they liked significantly more pre-school teachers who were
conscientious and agreeable, as well as those who assessed they were easier to work with much more. On
the other hand, the pre-school teachers assessed that it is much easier to work with children who are
significantly less emotional and active, but are significantly highly sociable.
Even though only ten pre-school teachers participated in this research by assessing themselves on
a short personality scale (TIPI) which has limited psychometric properties, their contribution to this
research is extremely valuable regarding the quality of an early and pre-school educational context.
Therefore, even though the results were obtained from a small number of pre-school teachers, they are
still significant for the educational practice. Judging by everything that has been mentioned, it can be
concluded that the pre-school teacher's personality traits have a significant relationship with the
dimensions of children's temperament in the learning and teaching process. It is important and useful for
the pre-school teachers to start thinking about the individual factors which have a significant effect on or
a significant connection with the assessment of children's temperament in a particular educational group.
It would be interesting to conduct a study in a way in which both pre-school teachers (in educational
groups work two pre-school teachers and this study has involved rates only from one pre-school teacher
in the specific group) would assess their personality traits and the dimensions of temperament of the
children in their groups and then compare them between themselves. In this way the existing analysis
could be deepened even further because it would provide an insight into how objectively the pre-school
teachers can rate the same children they work with in their group. Moreover, the analysis of the focus
variables on a larger, random sample of pre-school teachers, with more reliable measurements of
personality, would certainly provide a higher-quality answer to the questions posed in this study.
Just like the temperament itself is a combination of dynamical constructions, the learning and
teaching process is similarly a dynamical system of different factors susceptible to the influence of its
participants who manifest different personality traits and contextual conditions. The pre-school teacher
and the child together construct and direct the educational process, with every similarity and difference in
their personality traits being an opportunity for the enrichment of the whole of their co-existence and their
interaction in the educational group. In cases where it is really not at all possible to assess the children's
temperament independently from their pre-school teacher's personality traits, it is important to raise
awareness about this issue and make the most out of every opportunity in the educational work where
either the pre-school teachers' or the children's individual differences concur or differ.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all pre-school teachers, parents and children on their participation in this research.
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1-283
Subjects
Child psychology, developmental psychology, occupational psychology, industrial psychology, ethical issues
Cite this article as:
Vorkapić, . T., & Žagar, J. (2017). Is the Evaluation of Children’s Temperament Independent from Pre-school Teachers’ Personality?. In Z. Bekirogullari, M. Y. Minas, & R. X. Thambusamy (Eds.), Cognitive - Social, and Behavioural Sciences - icCSBs 2017, January, vol 20. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 84-96). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.01.02.10