| Subjective / Direct subjective measurement |
| Method |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
| Employee Survey(Allen & Van der Velden, 2001;Green & McIntosh, 2007) |
Measure directly employee’sskill in performing the job andtraining provided (Allen & Van der Velden, 2001) |
Measurement error in which employees tend to exaggerate or overestimate their abilities (Hartog, 2000) |
| Employer Survey/ Linked Employer-Employee survey/Self-reported approach (Maltseva, 2019) |
Ease of data collection (Senkrua, 2021; Maltseva, 2019) |
Bias towards specific answers, small scale (specific industry and occupations) (Senkrua, 2021; Maltseva, 2019) |
| Objective / Direct objective measurement |
| Method |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
| Realized Method Approach (Quintini, 2011) (Maltseva, 2019) |
The comparison of cognitive skills (literacy, numeracy, and problem-solving) with attainment value of occupation;Level of education required for the job (Flisi et al., 2017)Use International Standard Classification of Occupations;Measured with competency bandwidth (under-skilled and well match (Senkrua, 2021)More objective description of skills (OECD, 2013:5) |
Sensitive to a cohort effect,misleading education mismatch,less sensitive to outlier and technological change, allow only one education level to be appropriate for each occupation, and too broad occupation grouping and self-report data from PIACC (OECD, 2013)Uses only 1 digit of ISCO (to achieve enough good matches) (Pellizzari & Fichen, 2013) |
| Job Requirement Approach /Direct Measurement (Maltseva, 2019; Senkrua, 2021) |
Divided into four categories of skills (Quintini, 2011) Measured by the standard deviation (Allen et al., 2013) |
Biased as the respondent tends to overstate the skills used at work (Perry, Wiederhold & Ackermann-Piek, 2014) Skill used is not a necessary proxy for skill requirement, average skills are considered well-matched (Van der Velden & Bijlsma, 2017) |
| Job Analysis / Job Evaluation Method (Nedelkoska & Neffke, 2019) |
Analysis of education and skills reported by expertise (Nedelkoska & Neffke, 2019) |
No information about an individual job, only average skills, and education that has been grouped and become a fixed requirement for an occupation, overrated level of education compares to self-reported (Van der Velden and Van Smoorenburg, 1997)Time-consuming (Rodríguez et al., 2021)Expensive & not available at the national level and need recurring updates (McGuinness & Pouliakas, 2017) |
