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Public Spending, Corruption, and Human Development: Empirical Evidence in Middle-Income Countries

Table 3: Stationary Test Result

Test Stationary at Level Test Stationary at 1st Difference
Variables L-L-C D-F H-T Breitung L-L-C D-F H-T Breitung
HD -5.93*** 4.29*** 0.42*** -1.79***
CORR -25.10*** 3.09*** 0.05*** -2.91***
PSH -16.12*** 0.13*** 33.20*** -5.57***
PSE -24.87*** 4.28*** 0.11*** -5.57***
GDP -31.89*** 1.94*** -0.03*** -3.14***
ELECT -19.94*** 17.80*** -0.02*** -4.27***
EMISS -29.60*** 10.67*** 0.12*** -4.88***
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