Part-Of-Speech Affiliation Of Non-Derivative Personal Names Of Yakuts In T Pre-Christian Period

Abstract

In general linguistics, words are usually divided into simple and compound ones. Personal names are also divided into these types. Simple ones are represented by non-derivative and derivative names. The study focuses on the simple non-derivative names that were produced from common nouns. The material for the study was 637 simple non-derivative personal names of the Yakuts in the pre-Christian period, which were included in the corpus of personal names of the Yakuts collected by Safronov. In total, in the name book of the Yakut pre-Christian names by Safronov there are about 5000 names, of which the author managed to recreate the Yakut spelling of 3223 units, but only in 1168 units we were able to identify and learn the meaning of the appellative anthropological basis. Having considered the part-of-speech affiliation, we concluded that in simple non-derivative pre-Christian personal names of the Yakuts, the largest number of names were formed from nouns – 295 units; those derived from verbs rank second – 173 units and those derived from adjectives rank third – 150 units.

Keywords: Non-derivative, personal names, part-of-speech affiliation, pre-christian period

Introduction

Structural characteristics of anthroponyms are the ways of formation of these onymic units. Mongolian and Turkic languages are characterized by three ways of personal name formation: onymization of the appellative, suffixation and compounding.

As an example of the structural classification of the personal names of the Mongolians, we present the classification described by Semenova (2005) in the work “Personal names of the Ekhirite Buryats”: “In the Ekhirite anthroponymy, there are one-component and two-component personal names. One-component names are formed in three ways: definitional (formatless), correlational (suffixal) and analogous (p. 77).

Problem Statement

Suvandii (2011) claims that in Tuvan personal names do not differ from the anthroponyms of other Turkic languages (Suvandii, 2011, p. 40). He divides them into the following main groups:

1. Simple.

2. Complex.

G. F. Timkanova (2005, p. 12) also identifies three ways of anthroponym formation: suffixal, syntactic and abbreviational.

Golikova has described the structural features of the Altai names and divided them into

1. Simple anthroponyms: Amyr – ‘peaceful’, Chechek – ‘flower’.

2. Complex anthroponyms formed by adding two bases: Altyn-Bash - 'golden head', Ai-Kanat - 'moon wing, feather'.

3. Double names: Nikolay-Mylchy (Golikova, 2011, p. 172).

In the corpus of pre-Christian personal names, there are one-syllable, two-syllable and three-syllable names.

The number of monosyllabic names is small. Example: Life - 'louse', Yt - 'dog', Kut - 'soul', Bokh - 'garbage'.

Disyllabic names: Bychchay, Bokchoҥ, Ataakh, Dodoy, Dyeltey.

Polysyllabic names: Bychygyras, Bulteekeen, Bedyege, Doҕorduur.

Of the 400 analyzed units, two-syllable names make up 197 units, three-syllable names - 186 units, four- and more syllable names - 11 units, and monosyllabic names - 6 units.

Radlov established that in the Yakut language, words of Turkic origin predominate among monosyllabic stems. Among the disyllabic stems, the words of Turkic origin make up a smaller part, and among the trisyllabic and polysyllabic stems they are very rare. But in all three structural types, the share of words of Mongolian origin is high (Golikova, 2009, p. 110).

Research Questions

Words that were transformed from common nouns to proper names can be derivatives and have various affixes. By structure, simple personal names can be divided into derivative and non-derivative ones.

Simple non-derivative (non-affix) names in the pre-Christian Yakut anthroponymicon are anthroponyms formed by transferring appellatives into the category of personal names without changing the word structure. The process of transition of a word from the category of appellatives to personal names is called onymization or anthroponymization. According to Semenova (2005);

The onymization of the appellative is one of the oldest and, perhaps, the most natural way of creating proper names. Among the personal names formed by definition, there are anthroponyms whose appellative foundations were proper names belonging to other categories – toponyms, cosmonyms and astronyms, genonyms. (p. 78)

The transition of a proper name to another class of onyms is called transonymization. Both onymization and transonymization, represent a “pure” transition of words from one class to another and are not related to the actual derivation. Each of these classes has its own special derivation due to the systemic organization of names within the classes.

Purpose of the Study

Non-derivative names are formed from common nouns, nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs. In total, in the name book of the Yakut pre-Christian names by Safronov (1985) there are about 5000 names, of which the author managed to recreate the Yakut spelling of 3223 units, but only in 1168 units we were able to identify and learn the meaning of the appellative anthropological basis.

All proper names have features of nouns. However, other parts of speech act as anthropological bases. The functioning of verbs and adjectives as proper names is typical of Turkic onomasticons, especially of anthroponyms: personal names, surnames and nicknames.

Research Methods

Consider examples of the use of verbs as the basis (Shaikhulov, 1983, p. 40). Analysis and comparison of the names of Turkic origin in structural and morphological terms shows that less than half of recorded personal names in the name-book of the ancient Bashkirs and Tatars contain anthroponyms with the above-mentioned stem. This suggests that in the structure of anthroponyms nominal word formation prevails over the verbal one. As for the verbal stems, they designate the most frequent actions, states, motives, etc. in the life of people in the composition of the anthroponym. Out of 1168 anthroponymic units, 459 (39.2%) units are formed from verbs. They are represented by both derivative and non-derivative names.

Findings

Non-derivative names with verb stems make up 173 units (37.4%). These include units that are formed by the method of onymization of the appellative without any derivation, as well as names formed by truncation of the verb stem.

Onimized verbs:

Arbay from arbay - ‘to be disheveled’.

Aҥky from aҥky - ‘1. to spread (about the smell); 2. to blow '.

Akhchay from ahchay - ‘spread and bend your legs wide’.

Dekei from dekei - ‘to hunch, to stoop’.

Kylay from kylay - ‘to shine with a bright spot from afar or shine through something, sparkle’.

Dygy from dygy - ‘to step over.

Diyaly from Diyaly - ‘to exterminate’.

Chepchee from chepchee - ‘to become light’.

Chuguy from chuguy - ‘to approach timidly, to move the body back, retreat’.

Chochoy from Chochoy - ‘to stick around’.

Khokhoi from khokhoi - ‘to stretch, straighten up, stand out with a thin and long neck’.

Hokui from hokui - ‘to tilt, lower, bow the head’.

Hallai from hallai - 'to be too wide, too loose, to dangle'.

Chabylay from chabylay - ‘to boast’.

Chagy from chagy - ‘to be afraid, to fear, not to dare’.

Teny from teny – ‘to become wider, stretch, expand’.

Turtaһy from turtaһy - ‘to become white in places, gleam with whiteness’.

Tokui from tokui - ‘to bend, hunch over (from old age), curl up’.

Sakhsy from sakhsy - ‘to move with jerks, to move something from top to bottom or from side to side, to shake.

Utuy from utui - ‘to sleep, to fall asleep’.

Nalbai from nyalbai - ‘to swim, blur, flatten, stand out in such a way’.

Naky from naky - ‘to bend legs at the knees, stand on half-bent legs’.

Oloy from oloy - 'to stand out with his elongated face, expressing stupid non-thinking'.

Oppoy from oppoy – ‘to open your mouth, folding your lips into a tube.’

Өndөy from Өndөy - ‘to rise on tiptoe’, etc.

Examples of the anthroponyms formed by truncation of the verb stem are presented below. The truncation occurs mainly due to the omission of the verbal affix:

Kydaҕa from kydaҕaryy - ‘to become dark red, to acquire a color similar to a blood clot, turn purple’.

Kyykyn from kyykynaa - ‘1. to creak for a long time; 2. To speak in a weak, strong voice’.

Dala from dalaady - ‘to be, to seem very wide, spacious from below’.

Aiba from "aibaunaa" - to walk, swaying slightly with the whole body and waving his arms.

Dyraҥa from dyraҥalaa - ‘to walk easily, to raise long, thin legs high’.

Kotүөkke from kotүөkkelee - ‘1. To bounce; 2. to change jobs, place of residence, to jump from one place to another; 3. To jump from one to another; 4. To act frivolously’.

Degde from degdey/debday - ‘1. To rise; 2. To perk up ; to brag, to show frivolous boasting.

Bagygyr from bagygyraa - ‘to make loud frequent sounds; to laugh out loud, laugh.

Baldygyr from baldygyraa - ‘to make frequent soft, popping sounds’.

Balaqa from balaqady - ‘1. To look very tired, exhausted (for example, from illness or lack of sleep); 2. To doze off, be in a doze’.

Ashar from ashariy – ‘1. To puff, sweat from excessive obesity; 2. (folk) to plentifully ooze, pour (e.g., oil, fat)’.

Byyaakh from byyakhachchiy - ‘to walk energetically, quickly, widely’.

Mardya from mardyai - ‘to be flabby, wide, flabby (of a person’s face)’.

Lөppө from lөppөy - ‘to be convex, to rise above something, to be swollen’.

Tiere from tierei - ‘to walk, stepping quickly upsid down’.

Out of 1168 anthropounits, 21ones

3 (18.2%) have an adjective as their basis.

The number of non-derivative personal names with an adjectival stem is 150 units (70.4% of the total number of adjective stems):

Kiһirges from kiһirges – ‘boastful’.

Amyr from amyr – ‘very dangerous’.

Alamay from alamai - ‘shining, clear; affectionate, affable.

Amykay from amykay - ‘unremarkable, ordinary, mediocre, gray’.

Dehsi from dehsi - ‘1. smooth, even; 2. straight, even; 3. all the same; 4. uniform; 5. even, balanced; 6. calm, measured '.

Kyltakh from kyltakh - ‘too picky in food, with poor appetite’.

Kytaanakh from kytaanakh - ‘1. solid; 2. strong in body, spirit; 3. strict, hard, severe’.

Kunde from kunde – ‘brilliant, shining’.

Kytarkhay from "kytarkhay" - reddish, light red.

Dogdokor from dogdokor – ‘short, short-legged’.

Byyy from byyy - 1. swift, fast; 2. a quick-footed, fast-running.

Bөҕө from bөҕө - ‘1. resistant to rapid destruction, strong, durable, able to endure hardships, hardships, tenacious; 2. unchangeable, reliable, durable, strong. Full of confidence, firm, strong, etc’.

Onimization of adjectives is the result of the process of substantiation. “The adjective denotes a quality and property that can refer to various objects and concepts. Having passed into the class of nouns, this word expresses only one narrow concept, i.e the lexical meaning is narrowed” (Kharitonov et al., 1982–1995, p. 170).

Personal names are characterized by this type of substantivization of adjectives: the name, having the form of an adjective and being a description of some traits, functioned as a proper name.

Kharitonov claimed that substantiation in the Yakut language was carried out in two ways: syntactically and morphologically (Kharitonov et al., 1982–1995, p. 170).

With the syntactic method of substantiation, two degrees of transition of adjectives into the category of nouns were observed:

1. Full substantivation, in which adjectives lost their main meaning of quality and acquired a completely new lexical meaning denoting an object. But this transition was rare. There were only a few adjectives used as nouns: tustuuk - "fighter", tyataagy - "bear".

2. Partial substantivation, in which adjectives, while retaining the meaning of quality or property, began to denote an object that has a given quality or property (Kharitonov et al., 1982-1995, p. 171). Examples from the name book are as follows: Kyrdaҕas - 'old' - 'old man', Kultaҕar - 'pot-bellied, swollen' - 'pot-bellied'.

Despite a large number of anthroponyms of predicatives, the most numerous are the anthroponyms of nouns – 431 (36.9% of the total number of anthroponyms).

Non-derivative personal names make up 295 units (68.4%). They are represented by simple two- and three-syllable nouns. For instance:

Ardah from ardah – ‘rain’.

Crazy from hungry - ‘frog’.

Akhta from akhta - ‘crotch’.

Dalbarai from dalbarai - ‘chick that has just begun to fly; little songbird.

Kynat from kynat - ‘wing’.

Annyygyt from annyygyt – ‘a person who works with an ice pick during the last fishing’.

Alyһar from alyһar – ‘perch lake’.

Altan from altan – ‘copper, gold’.

Dokuur from dokuur - ‘1. snares for catching birds attached to a wooden pole, board; 2. smoking pipe, shank, which is made of two connected hollow wooden sticks’.

Kymys from kymys – ‘fermented milk drink made from mare’s milk’.

Kulahai from kulahai - ‘trick, cunning, deceit’.

Kulgah from kulgah - ‘ear’.

Koҕөn from koҕөn - ‘mallard’.

Kөlgө from kөlgө – ‘draft working cattle (horse or bull)’.

Battah from battah - 'hair'.

Batas from batas - ‘1. ancient military weapon, palm tree; 2. mighty force in the fight against someone / something’.

Borochoy from borochoy - ‘1. small pike (peck). 2. grown-up pike, young pike.

Bөtөs from bөtөs – ‘1. a young man who relies on his physical strength and energy, a thug; 2. boy, brisk and bold or crazy, perky’.

Mataar from mataar - ‘a large wooden goblet with a rich pattern, made from a trunk of a young birch, intended for drinking koumiss’.

Mekchirge from mekchirge – ‘owl’.

Meldeh from meldeh – ‘denial, denial of one’s guilt’.

Mogus from mogus – ‘glutton’.

Өrөҕө from өrөҕө – ‘abdomen’.

Oyuun from oyun – ‘shaman’.

Ogonnyor from ogonnyor – ‘old man’.

Umnaһyt from umnaһyt - ‘begging for alms’.

Samyyr from samyr – ‘rain’.

Sata from sata - 'stone magical, magical, etc.'

Truncation occurs by omitting the final formant:

Dielleng from dellange – ‘one of the morning stars shining for a long time in the southeastern sky, Venus (the ending “-e” is omitted)’.

Kүүkei from kүүkennyk – ‘matted, brittle, hair that has lost its lively luster, wool (the suffix -nnik is omitted)’.

Kuyuk from kuyukta – ‘larva of an insect (usually a gadfly) under the skin of an animal (the formant -ta is omitted)’.

Byryky from byryky - ‘karasenok (omission of the ending -ы)’.

Toitokh from toitokho - ‘tail of a foal (omission of formant -o), etc’.

Semantically, most of the Yakut non-derivative personal names of the pre-Christian period are names included in the “flora and fauna” group - 63 units (22.3%): Koҕҕөn (mallard); Kygyydai (roach, rudd (fish)); Kutuyah (mouse); Kuchukta (the name of a plant that used to be brought from the Uda River and used to treat various diseases) and others. - a wooden block worn on the legs of a horse; shackles (obsolete); an object that interferes with movement, which is an anchor, heaviness; burden, heaviness, burden, hindrance); Katinche (cloth or fur thick socks worn with torbos, boots); Inne (1. needle, needle; 2. metal rod with a pointed end for various purposes; 3. needles; 4. hard, prickly formations, spikes on the body of some animals and fish), etc.

A small percentage of names (1%, 13 units) can be formed following the onymizing participles. Kharitonov claimed that many researchers of the Yakut language call them verbal names, which can be used both as names and verbs (Kharitonov et al., 1982–1995, p. 227). This explains the fact that participles used as proper names do not require affixes, since “participles in the Yakut language can also perform the substitutive function, i.e. designate the actor, the object, and the action itself” (Kharitonov et al., 1982–1995, p. 227). Thus, the already habitual use of substantiated participles as nouns facilitated their functioning as personal names:

Ayaҕalyyr from ayaҕalyyr - ‘a person who, boasting, takes on an unbearable task’.

Kileyer from kilayer - 'a person who has something glittering'.

Bakhchir from bakhchai - 'one who walks widely with slightly bent legs'.

Bocchuyar from bocchuyar - ‘one who arranges something, puts things in order’.

Balchaer from balchaer - 'one who gets on his feet'.

Sonuur from sonuur - ‘one who imposes something on someone, something’.

Maakhaybyt from maahaybyt - ‘one who fumbles for a long time, fusses, making illogical, inconsistent movements’.

Chorboybut from chorboybut - ‘protruding, sticking out’.

Chordoybut from Chordoybut - ‘empty, exhausted’.

Syҕҕҥnyyr from syҕҕҥnyyr - ‘one who pushes back, moves something. from a place, move something. to something.

Bөrdүgүnүүr from bөrdүgүnүүr - ‘speaking in a low voice with hoarseness (about sound) or making such sounds’.

Yttyyr from yttyyr - ‘one who is angry, gets angry, swears at someone’.

Baҕalyyr from baҕalyyr – ‘producing frogs’.

One personal name from the list is a gerund. The participles in the Yakut language represent the verbal form which indicates the side character of the action and its correlation with another action (Golikova, 2009, p. 240). Participles are not substantivized and cannot be used as a noun ; they are rarely used as proper names.

Hoyutaan from hoyutaan - ‘to the end of some time, late.

Of 1168 units from the name book by Safronov (1985), four units have have adverbs as the basis (0.33%), of which 2 anthroponymic units are non-derivative:

Units formed by onymization without any derivation:

Balachcha from balachcha - ‘1. quite a long time, for some time; 2. enough, quite, fairly; 3. significant, fair; 4. Pretty much.’

Sүgun from sүgun - ‘expresses a demand to stop something, a call to order’.

According to the semantics of appellative stems, adverb names are names that describe circumstances: Сүgun – ‘enough’.

The number of names with a base numeral is 4, 3 of which have the number 6 as their basis, and 1 - the number 7. Only the name Alta from ‘alta’ - six is non-derivative. These names can be attributed to the ones that describe any circumstances (perhaps, the order in which a given person was born).

Onomatopoeic names are also a feature of the pre-Christian Yakut anthroponymicon. Onomatopoeia, being part of the figurative vocabulary of the Yakut language, is highly expressive and usually describes the sounds that a person makes. In total, in the list 6 anthropological units with the basis of onomatopoeia were identified. Of these, there were 3 non-derivative units:

Nyoh from nyoh – ‘onomatopoeia of the abrupt yelping of a lap dog’.

Talygyr from talygyr - 'the sound made by the collision of solid objects of small size'.

Chuuchugur from chuchugur - ‘several identical sounds, separated from each other by very short intervals’.

Nyoh from nyoh – ‘onomatopoeia of the abrupt yelping of a lap dog’.

Talygyr from talygyr - 'the sound made by the collision of solid objects of small size'.

Chuuchugur from chuchugur - ‘several identical sounds, separated from each other by very short intervals’.

Conclusion

In general linguistics, words are usually divided into simple and compound ones. Personal names are also divided into these types. Simple ones are represented by non-derivative and derivative names. Having considered the part-of-speech affiliation, we came to the conclusion that in simple non-derivative pre-Christian personal names of the Yakuts, the largest number of names were formed from nouns – 295 units; those derived from verbs rank second – 173 units and those derived from adjectives rank third – 150 units.

References

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