| Authors/Year |
Topic |
Study Design |
Aim of the study |
Level of understanding |
Level of awareness |
The Findings |
| Rose, M. A., & Larrimore, K. L. (2002). |
Knowledge and Awareness Concerning Chemical and Biological Terrorism: Continuing Education Implications |
Quantitative (Survey) |
To examine the knowledge and awareness of chemical and biological terrorism among health care providers. |
The knowledge scores of the respondents were low, and only less than one-fourth of the knowledge questions were answered correctly. |
Not studied |
These findings indicate a need for nurses in continuing education and staff development to develop, implement, and evaluate innovative domestic terrorism preparedness programs. |
| Pries-Shimshi, Y. (2007) |
Creating a citizenry prepared for terrorism: Education, media and public awareness. |
Not stated |
To suggest some methods to increase awareness about terrorism which include public campaigns and exercises & simulations. These methods are effective to increase public knowledge and awareness about terrorism. |
These campaigns run on television, radio, written press, subway billboards, and street billboards. Such efforts integrate the public constructively in the fight against terrorism by empowering them to recognize potential threats. In Australia, the government distributed a special booklet, written in 31 languages to all households across the continent explaining terrorism to bring it up on the public agenda. Other than that, conducting lectures, seminars courses, and continuing education programs for various target audiences in Israel, aiming to teach the facts about terrorism. |
Not studied |
Empowerment of the citizenry, through educational initiatives and campaigns, creates a powerful counterterrorism tool for furthering public understanding of terrorism and mitigating the effectiveness of terrorism |
| McGovern, G. P. (2011) |
Situational Awareness in Terrorism and Crime Prevention |
Not stated |
Extending the necessity for knowledge and awareness about terrorism to be expanded to all groups of citizens. The main question asked here is what an average citizen will do when there is an alarm about terrorism by the government? |
Not studied |
It suggests building situational awareness which is by accepting that the world is a dangerous place to live in. |
Recognized that an average citizen is not prepared to deal adequately with a terrorist attack. Without arms and weapons, an average citizen must set a situational awareness mindset that a person must consciously employ every time they leave a location with a “relaxed awareness”. |
| Orehek, E., & Vazeou-Nieuwenhuisis, A. (2014) |
Understanding the Terrorist Threat: Policy Implications of a Motivational Account of Terrorism |
Not stated |
(a) the scope of the terrorist threat, (b) what drives perceiving terrorism as an instrumental means of reaching political goals, (c) how the quest for personal significance motivates adopting terrorism-justifying ideologies, and (d) how this understanding of terrorism may inform counter-terrorism policy considerations. |
Not studied |
Campaigns often attempt to make the public aware of a terrorist threat, intending to have the public assist in the prevention |
Unfortunately, no simple solution can end violence in general or terrorism in particular. A motivational account of terrorism suggests specific policy considerations but does not identify which course of action most reduces violence. |
| Alqahtani, A. (2014) |
Awareness of the Potential Threat of Cyberterrorism to the National Security |
Qualitative (In-depth Interview) |
To develop a conceptual framework for awareness of cyberterrorism threats from the viewpoint of experts and security officials in critical infrastructure. |
Not studied |
Many respondents see the importance of the awareness of threats to understand more about the risks posed to staff and facilities. Awareness of the threat is the catalyst for seeking to understand it. |
The findings showed that cyberterrorism awareness can be into three categories which are the importance of awareness, types of awareness, and good and bad of awareness. |
| Che Mohd Aziz, Y., Bakri, M., Fakhrorazi, A., Mohd Azizuddin, M.S., Rusdi, O., & Kamarul Zaman, H. Y. (2016) |
Kefahaman Dan Penerimaan Mahasiswa Universiti Awam Terhadap Gerakan Isis |
Quantitative (Survey) and Qualitative (Focus Group Discussion) |
The objective of this study is to ascertain the level of understanding about ISIS among students of higher learning institutions in Peninsular Malaysia and to ascertain the potential for their acceptance and rejection of ISIS’ struggle. |
The level of understanding of IPT students towards ISIS is relatively low, especially when the questions posed to them about ISIS are specific questions such as ISIS’s relationship with al-Qaeda and the true understanding of ISIS. Most prominent is when there are still many among IPT students who fail to understand that ISIS is a terrorist organization. |
The level of acceptance of IPT students towards the ISIS struggle was also low with a cumulative mean of less than 2.00 and a consistent mean mean value below 3.00 for each item studied. This phenomenon indicates a good level of awareness among the respondents of IPT students studied. It is a good indicator from the aspect of national security |
The threat of ISIS has become an urgent threat for Malaysia to deal with wisely. So far, the Malaysian security forces seem to be able to curb the ISIS threat because the Malaysians involved are now mostly veteran Salafi fighters who were previously also involved with al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah. |
| Jackson, R., & Hall, G. (2012) |
Knowing Terrorism: A Study on Lay Knowledge of Terrorism and Counter-terrorism |
Qualitative (Focus Group Discussion) |
Research on how messages and representations about terrorism are received by the public, and what laypeople know and believe about the phenomena. |
The lack of knowledge is directly related to a deep distrust of the media as an authoritative source of information |
The deep awareness of the role of media in producing influential representations based on labeling most frequently produced a deep sense of powerlessness |
Based on this observation, it has normative implications about the role of knowledge and education in changing people’s beliefs and knowledge, and hence, their possibilities for resistance and political action. |
| Jerome, L. E. E., & Elwick, A. (2019) |
Identifying an Educational Response to the Prevent Policy: Student Perspectives on Learning about Terrorism, Extremism, and Radicalisation |
Qualitative (Focus Group Discussion) |
To discusses the level of awareness among school students in the UK about terrorism who experiences a curriculum project on terrorism, extremism, and radicalization. |
Based on the focus group conducted, there is a need to enhance political literacy and media literacy to ensure a better understanding of terrorism among the younger generation. |
The awareness could only be increased when the knowledge is increased. Students will be able to develop a more sophisticated understanding of terrorism because they are now able to appreciate and deal with differences. |
Through political literacy, it becomes the basis for them to become more critical to stories they read in the media and social media. From media literacy, they can understand political implications and diversity in a deeper sense. |
| Keenan, K. (2018) |
Rethinking place in the study of societal responses to terrorism: Insights from Boston, Massachusetts (USA) |
Qualitative (In-depth Interview) |
This paper presents several contributions to public policy, including rethinking a place-based paradigm for how emergency managers communicate with the public, how to generate a politics of fear reduction based in place, and how to rethink future studies on terrorism to appreciate the practical places of everyday life. |
The respondent summarises the point that this paper is making. The respondent notes that the media is indeed a source for information about terrorism, and this serves as a prompt to think about the hazard. |
What politicians say about terrorism may amplify vulnerability awareness, and this may serve intentional and nefarious political goals. But whether or not my respondents thought terrorism was likely in familiar places – and the conversations prompted by these thoughts – attenuated vulnerability awareness. |
Understanding the historical context in which terrorism was generated advances our understanding of why and how terrorism might occur today. However, understanding how non-terrorists perceive their risk at those moments in time which in this study was through the place – will help us understand societal responses. |
| Mohd Hefzan, A., Azmi, A., & Ishak. A. R. (2018) |
The Ideology of Terrorism Among University Students: Issues and Challenges |
Quantitative (Survey) |
This study aimed to examine the extent of the spread of ideological terrorism against undergraduate University |
The level of understanding of students is generally at a low level based on the average overall mean value of 1.63. |
Based on the feedback that has been answered by the respondents showed an unfavorable percentage of questions in the form of comprehension. This can help researchers obtain an initial picture of the level of understanding of students that students do not really understand the modus operandi of militant groups, therefore if the level of understanding of respondents is low then the awareness of students is also at a less satisfactory level. |
Many students tend to reject this ideology of terrorism based on the percentage that most choose not to support acts of terrorism. |
| Che Mohd Aziz, Y., Kamarulnizam, A., & Mohd Sofian, O. F. (2019) |
Malaysian Attitude And Perception On Daesh’s Ideological Struggle |
Quantitative (Survey) and Qualitative (Focus Group Discussion) |
To identify the attitudes and stances of Malaysianswho are Muslims against the political struggle of Daesh. |
This data shows that the level of understanding of Malaysians towards Daesh is still low even though news about Daesh incidents is often featured in various media channels. Despite various efforts by certain parties to inculcate the value of understanding to the people about Daesh but the people's acceptance is still at a weak level. |
Not studied |
The findings showed that the level of understanding towards Daesh among Muslim Malaysians is around 79% while 90% rejected the ideology and only 9% accepted it. The rejection and acceptance among Malaysians were founded to be influenced by various factors such as background, family and education, personal issues, and access to alternative media. |
| Urangoo, K. E., & Lee, J. L. (2019) |
Counter-Terrorism Policy of Mongolia: Raising Awareness on Terrorism |
|
This study aims to suggest methods to quickly raise awareness and create a security culture to improve Mongolia’s long-term terrorism prevention policy. |
Not studied |
NATO counter-terrorism efforts focus on improving awareness of terrorism and enhance engagement with other countries in terms of shared awareness of threats, cooperation, and assessment. Understanding terrorism is essential as it will help ordinary citizens to understand how they can reduce the chances of becoming a victim. |
For long time measure to increase awareness, Mongolia’s counter-terrorism policy must be improved in terms of enhancing and expanding international cooperation and information sharing with other countries, improving information exchange between law enforcement agencies and improving the monitoring of foreigners, and tightening visa processing control. |
| Haner, M., Sloan, M. M., Cullen, F. T., Kulig, T. C., & Lero Jonson, C. (2019) |
Public Concern about Terrorism: Fear,Worry, and Support for Anti-MuslimPolicies |
Quantitative (Survey) |
(1) To understandAmericans’ concern about terrorism by placing it in context among other issues and examining the utility of theoretically-driven models for understanding this reaction.(2) To examine whetherconcern about terrorism translates into support for policy measures that target Muslims in particular. |
In particular, individuals who were less educated were more likely to be fearful of a terrorist attack but were not more worried about being a victim of an attack. |
Not studied |
Terrorist attacks domestically and abroad have received increasing levels of attention because of the often devastating nature of these events. The relationships among fear, worry, education, andage should be examined in future research to fully unpack these dynamics. |
| Youngman, M. (2020) |
Building “Terrorism Studies” as an Interdisciplinary Space:Addressing Recurring Issues in the Study of Terrorism |
Not stated |
Identify several advantages of establishingterrorism studies as a formal discipline. However, I ultimately seek to argue that some ofthe recurring issues faced in the study of terrorism are best addressed not merely by resisting this temptation, but by actively encouraging movement in the other direction anddeveloping terrorism studies more explicitly as a space for interdisciplinary engagement. |
Institutional support is lacking in other ways, too, and the costs of making fieldresearch the gold standard needs to be acknowledged. Some of these are financial: universitiesare, at the best of times, wealth-privileging institutions, and existing mechanismsof support often do not fully cover the considerable costs of fieldwork—particularly forthose who, for whatever reason, cannot fully uproot to their field of study for lengthyperiods. |
Not studied |
Developing terrorism studies as a space for interdisciplinary engagement, by contrast,would allow us to move some of the issues from the margins to the forefront of our thinking. Some of the most important findings of political violence come from thosewho do not identify as terrorism scholars. |
