Structural Schemes Of English Chess Terminology

Definition of Basic Concepts

The terminological combination "chess game" is understood as the process of a logical intellectual board game of two opponents with special pieces on a square board. By all accounts, the game of chess has elements of art, science, and sport.

To single out structural properties of chess terms, it is necessary to conduct a structural analysis (Lantyukhova et al., 2013, pp. 42-45), which is based on a system analysis that allows the researcher to logically understand the system or its subsystem in action. In this case, there is a structural subsystem of the above-mentioned terms, identifying individual elements from the terms and their word-forming models.

Scheming or modeling of a terminological system is considered as its formation by considering its structure-components of terminological units and word-formation models (Povetkina, 2012, pp. 132-136).

The formation of terms, like the formation of words, is a process of secondary nomination, which is expressed in units derived in meaning or morphological composition. The terminological nomination is the result of reflecting the practical and professional experience of people in their minds; in other words, it is the process of turning the facts of non-linguistic reality into linguistic meanings (Alimuradov & Gorbunova, 2014; Karpukhina, 2009; Zhuravleva, 1998).

Novelty of Research

The novelty of the research consists in the construction of a structural scheme of chess terms in the English language.

An important factor in the study of the structural aspect of the terminology of the chess game is that chess, like football, hockey, rugby, tennis, cricket, etc., refers to sports games. In other words, the terms that we are researching are not limited exclusively to the chess field (chessplayer champion, chess code, over-the-board chess, bughouse, etc.), but apply to all sports and sports games (out-match, aborted match, impressive victory, increase the lead, in-form player, etc.)

Theoretical and Practical Significance

The theoretical significance of the work is to describe, expand and supplement the available information about the structure of chess terms and terminological phrases, as well as about the ways of their word formation, which makes a certain contribution to the terminology of the English language. This research is based on the works of [Alimuradov & Gorbunova 2014; Gorbunova 2014; Grinev-Grinevich 2008; Razuvaev 2013], and other terminologists.

The practical significance lies in the systematization and interpretation of terms that function in chess communication, as well as in the construction of a structural typology of chess terminological units as part of a professional dictionary. The results of the research can be used in training courses on terminology, terminography, translation, etc.

Structural specifics of chess terminological units of the English language

The terms of the chess game are divided into simple (one-component) and complex (multi-component) units. The significant predominance of complex units over simple units is a distinctive characteristic of the term system under consideration.

The first group of simple one-component terminological units includes non-derived (i.e., root) ones (match, final, check, win, draw, coach, tiger, rank, etc.) and derivatives that are one-word (trapper, tailender, bungler, opposition, diagonally, forcing, exchange, etc.). In other words, simple terminological units include one-component derived terms, which are formed by affixation, more precisely prefixing (misplay, rematch, outpost, exchange, etc. ) and suffixing (blocker, forcing, dragoneer, (color) weakness, winner, drawer, etc.), reinterpretation of general literary words (sacrifice, risk, advantage, opening, fortress, pushover, etc.), as well as borrowing from other terminology areas (matador, trapper, attack, phalanx, etc.).

Complex terminological units are two-and more component terms, the main property of which is the whole form and which are formed by the way of word composition by means of 1) reinterpretations of a complex common word: (windmill, copycatting, time-trouble, half-move, etc.), and with the help of 2) complex words borrowed from other terminological areas: (out-post, counter-punching, counter-attacking, etc.).

In this typology, according to Tkacheva (1987, p. 40), it is also necessary to include initial abbreviations (FIDE ‒ Fédération Internationale des Échecs, CO – Chief Organizer, GP – Grand-Prix, GMA – Grandmasters Association, HGM – Honorary Grandmaster, etc.), short initial abbreviations in the written designation of chess moves (K ‒ king , Q ‒ queen , R ‒ rook , kN ‒ knight, B ‒ bishop , p ‒ pawn).

Complex terminological units also include terminological phrases that include two or more components and are characterized by the property of semantic integrity (chess problem, high-caliber chessplayer, chess aesthetics, minor piece, major piece, chess board, time pressure, bottom players, etc.).

Phrasal combinations are complex units that are characterized by the use of conjunctions or prepositions (Tkacheva, 1986) (rear of a pack, burst of tactics, strategic rules of the game of chess, play at give-away, windmill attack in Torre's style, etc.).

Among the multicomponent terms of the field of chess, there are also mixed terminological units, for example, combinations of abbreviations, or abbreviations and words, as well as acronyms and words: (ICCF grandmaster, member FIDE, under FIDE auspices, FIDE Laws of Chess, FIDE World Chess Champion, GM nemesis, IBCA Olympiads, A00-E99 opening structure, etc.).

The study material also reveals chain formations, for example, in the endgame position of chess, there are several of them (king-and-bishop-plus-knight-versus-king basic mate, king-and-rook-versus-king basic mate, king-and-two bishops-versus-king basic mate, etc.).

Therefore, English chess terms are divided into simple and complex. Simple terminological units include derived and non-derived terms. Complex terminological units are two-and more component terms, including abbreviations, terminological phrase and phrasal combinations that are significantly superior to simple terminological units.

Systematization of the Chess Terms by the Number of Components

The next stage of the structural analysis is to identify the types of chess terms by the number of components in their composition. In the analyzed terminology of chess, in addition to simple, or one-component whole-formed units, there are a large number of complex-component terminological units, namely:

• two-component (universal player, chess ability, acute tactician, advanced player, uninitiated player, hanging pawns, waiting move, move number, etc.);
• three-component (very short brevity, queen triangular manoeuvre, multiple tournament winner, occupy first place, British Chess Magazine, incorrectly placed board, official tournament records, etc.);
• four-component (long retirement from chess, match with fixed openings, nail down first place, sacrifice many moves deep, move of doubtful value, etc.);
• five-component (International Grandmaster for Chess Compositions, occupy second place for now, bishop, knight, and rook mate, Permanent Commission for Chess Compositions, etc.);
• six-component (middlegame with bishops of opposite color, transition stage between middlegame and endgame, etc.);
• seven-component (demote from the playing team’s line up, doomed to failure from the very start, etc.);
• eight-component (convincing challenge for the title of World Champion);
• ten-component (rules for Play with Blind Players and Visually Handicapped Players), etc.

Thus, according to the number of components, chess terms include a large percentage of complex units: from two-component to ten-component and the two-component ones are numerous.

Structural Schemes

In multicomponent chess terms of terminological and phrasal combinations of the English language, the system relations and hierarchy between their components are clearly traced, which indicates the transfer of a larger amount of information compared to single-component terminological units. The presence of more complex multicomponent terms in chess terminology is confirmed by numerous examples from two-component to ten-component terminological units.

Structural Schemes of Chess Terminology

The structural schemes of chess terms are divided into single-component and multicomponent, including complex words, as well as terminological phrases and phrasal combinations, with multicomponent terms making up the majority of the available units (Table 1).

By means of the syntactic method of term formation, two-, three-, four- and more component models are distinguished.

As we see below there are a large number of complex-component terminological units (table 2).

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The absolute majority of English-language chess terms (figure 1) are formed syntactically