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Analysis Of Metaphorical Constructions In Textbooks On The Russian As Foreign Language

Table 1:

Categories and types Contents Manifestations
Entities
Subject Any living being that is able to act Human; animal
Human Any action or attribute that is only associated with humans Friend; certain person
Plant Any notion associated with vegetation Flower; defoliation
Object Any physical body Rock; table
Body part Any separate fragment of a subject’s body Lips; leg
Substance Any notion related to matters and essences Air; soil
Actions and processes
Event Any time-based finite set of actions with a result Life; fight
Activity Any process performed over time by a subject or an object Studying; blossoming
Facial expression Any meaningful movement of a subject’s face Smile; frown
Endowment Anything related to giving or donation Gifted
Thinking Any mental activity of a person Outlook; thought
Speech Anything related to manner and content of discourse Words; text
Physical phenomena and properties
Weight Any mass-based attribute Light; heavy
Dimension Any attribute based on single dimension High; far; wide
Magnitude Any idea based on several dimensions Large; volume
Material Anything that is used to make something Food; durable; gold
Exterior Any non-specific visual aspect of an object or a subject Dusty; grey-haired
Light Any visual aspect associated with emission of light Star; brilliant
Combustion Any attribute associated specifically with burning Fire; flaming
Shape Any visual aspect related to a geometrical form Ring; circle
Freezing Anything related to transfer between solid and liquid forms Melting; ice
Sound Any attribute related to acoustics Quiet; loud
Softness Any attribute associated with mellowness of surface Rough; tender
Filling Any notion related to containment Full; empty; dry
Openness Any aspect associated with the notion of closure Open; enclosed
Firmness Any form of resistance to physical force Firm; sturdy
Freshness Any aspect of being new and ready for consumption Fresh; stale
Strength Anything related to a subject’s physical strength Strong; weak
Structure Any part of a subject’s or an object’s constitution Branch; foundation
Fluidity Any aspect of being able to flow Stream; source
Temperature Anything associated with heat Hot; cold
Clarity Any idea associated with contamination Clear; transparent
Density Any aspect related to an object’s density Tight; loose
Psychics and feelings
Relationship Any form of persistent interaction between individuals Friendship
Taste Any attribute related to gustation Bitter; sweet
Emotional experience Any emotion or inner feeling Love; happy
Abilities Any description of a subject’s competence Smart; stupid
Character Any aspect of a subject’s persistent psychical traits Kind; evil
Abstract notions
Age Anything related to a subject’s age Old; young
Function Any notion related to an object’s purpose Displaying; unlocking
Phenomenon Any abstract notion of an objective process Wind; music
Information Anything associated with knowledge, including media Newspaper; data
Concept Any abstract notion based on generalization Level; measure
Set Any finite and complete combination of elements World; nature; fleet
Multitude Any number-based aspect of quantity or quality Rich; diversity
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