| Traditional parenthood |
Modern parenthood |
| Moral, legal, financial obligations of the husband and father |
Variability of obligations, redistribution of responsibilities between husband and wife (for example, a husband can look after newborn children, and a wife can provide for a family financially) |
| Monogamy and the inviolability of marriage, the social legitimization of marriage (registration, parental agreement ) |
The legitimacy of various forms of marriage and free relations, the legitimacy of divorces |
| Birth of a child only in a registered marriage |
A child may appear in a registered or unregistered marriage, either out of wedlock, or in a same-sex marriage |
| Mandatory birth of children in the family |
Optional birth of children depending on the choice of parents |
| Large families (two or more children) |
Both child-free and the upbringing of one child and large families are legitimate |
| Nuclear family |
“Formless” family (change of partners by mother or father, children living with relatives, in boarding schools separately from parents) |
| The value of parenthood prevails over other values |
Parenting value competes or below professional and life success values |
| Continuity of traditional roles and patterns in parental behavior |
Roles and patterns of parental behavior are affected by social attitudes |
| Normative trajectory of development and parenting |
Individuality of the trajectory of development and parenting |
| Regularity of interaction with children |
Variability of ways to interact with children |
| Control, directions, instructions, authority over the child |
The lack of strict rules and regulations, the child as a subject of free choice |
