Stakeholders’ Mapping Based on Cultures In Coastal Area of Surabaya

Research approach

According to Creswell (2013), in determining the approach, a research must clarify philosophical ideas that will be exposed. This explanation will determine which approach will be used in the study. This study uses a philosophical advocacy and participatory paradigm or assumptions. Because basically the results of this study will direct the agenda of changing a policy considered not to represent the desires of various groups. This study uses a case study research strategy which researchers inspect carefully a process, program, activity, event, or group of individuals. The idea behind qualitative research is to deliberately choose the informants or participants and the location of research that can help researchers to understand the problem under study.

Data collection technique

In this study, the researcher chose purposive and snowball techniques. The selected informants were those who were considered the most knowledgeable in understanding the problems in this study. Data consisted from primary data and secondary data. The Primary data was taken from deep interviews. All interview guide were read by the interviewers in order to make good interpretative and same perception (Neergaard & Ulhøi, 2007). Research starts with a question of research and collects primary data from focus group to answer this research question (Lune & Berg, 2017). The number of informants in this study was 14 people. The informants were chosen because they have influence in formulating policies, such as religious leaders, and leaders of community groups (formal and informal), and the community. Then, The secondary data is data obtained by researchers from existing sources or reused for another question of research (Hox & Boeije, 2005). Secondary data in this study were government documents, journals, and literature reviews. The location of the research was in the Coastal Area of Surabaya including Kenjeran Subdistrict and Bulak Subdistrict which consisted of 4 villages, namely Sukolilo Baru, Village Kenjeran Village, Kedung Cuwek Village and Tambak Wedi Village.

Technique of data analysis

Data analysis techniques adopted in this study is described as follows. There were 6 stages of qualitative research data analysis. Managing and preparing data, reading all data, analyzing more details by coding data, implementing the coding process, showing how the descriptions and themes will be restated in qualitative narratives or reports, and interpreting data (Creswell, 2013). The technique of checking the validity of the data used triangulation. There were 4 kinds of triangulation as a technique for checking the validity of data, namely triangulation of sources, triangulation with methods, triangulation of honesty of researchers, triangulation with theories (Moleong, 2002)

Cultural Element

People who live in coastal areas have different cultural forms than people who live in the centre of the city. Geographical location determines the pattern of life in certain communities. Thus, the pattern or way of life of the community can form certain characteristics that are manifested in culture and its elements. Besides having its own form, culture also has elements. This was stated by Koentjaraningrat (2004) which divides cultural elements into 7 elements (Table 01 ):

• Religious system and religious ceremonies

Islamic style is easily found in Kenjeran coastal communities and its surroundings. Apart from that, there are 2 large Islamic organizations namely Nahdhatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah. Most of the followers of Islam follow or are members of the NU. The teachings of Islam and the activities of NU has become a major theme of the Kenjeran coastal community. This is reflected in the number of religious activities such as yasinan, tahlil, sholawatan, and others. For NU followers, the teachings of senior preachers have become part of the way of life of coastal residents. This can be seen from the role of Islamic boarding schools in the region. This is in line with the religious system theory revealed by Koentjoroningrat that religious systems are integrated systems between religious beliefs and practices. Religious systems include belief systems, values systems and life views, religious communication, and religious ceremonies.

• Community systems and organizations

In coastal communities, religious elements are determinants in the order of social organizations. This can be known from the number of people who are members of religious organizations, namely NU. This is in line with what was stated by Koentjaraningrat (2004), who said that each community group had a life governed by customs and policy which is created by their groups. In the life of coastal communities it is greatly affected by the religious system in the NU organization.

• Knowledge System

The livelihoods of the most people in the coastal areas of Kenjeran and its surroundings are fishermen and entrepreneurs who produce marine products. Therefore, the level of formal education enjoyed in the region is mostly elementary, middle and high school graduates. They feel that there is no need to get an education that is too high because basically they only rely on knowledge of seasons, weather, wind, and natural conditions that affect the amount of catch or production of processed seafood, which is derived from their experience as fishermen or inherited knowledge from generation to generation. This is in line with the theory put forward by Koentjaraningrat (2004) that knowledge systems are related to systems of living equipment and technology where knowledge systems include human knowledge of the several elements used in their lives.

• Language

In the coastal communities of Kenjeran and its surroundings, the language used daily has its own characteristics. Indeed, in everyday life the majority uses Javanese, but with a dialect similar to Madurese. The use of Javanese is also used at certain age groups, namely in the age group of 25 and under. Whereas people who understand the Madura language range in age of 30 to above. However, most of them use Javanese for their daily use with distinctive dialect characteristics from Javanese in Surabaya. This is like what Koentjaraningrat (2004) said that language is a form of symbolizing human beings both verbally and in writing to communicate.

• Arts

Art outlines are mapped into 3 forms, namely art, sound art, and dance. In the Kenjeran and surrounding coastal communities, artistic activities that appear are influenced by the religious elements adopted by citizens. Most of the population in the region are Muslim and are members of NU or Muhammadiyah organizations. Therefore, the emerging art activities are dominated by Islamic art such as hadrah, nasyid, banjari and so on.

• Livelihood System

Livelihood is the most important thing of all community activities in order to maintain their lives. In the results of interviews from the 4 coastal villages, it can be seen that most of the livelihoods of people living in coastal or coastal areas are fishermen. Indeed, in the last period the number of fishermen has declined but not significantly. Coastal communities are still traditional communities seen from the system of equipment and technology they use. Because coastal communities are still traditional people, their livelihoods cannot be separated from their geographical conditions, namely fishermen. The livelihood is included in 5 economic systems in traditional communities, namely: Hunting and gathering, raising livestock, farming in the fields, fishing, and planting crops with irrigation systems

• Systems of technology and equipment

Humans in their lives always try to fulfil their needs so that they can survive and develop. Equipment for life is a sign that human civilization has been formed. In coastal communities, the geographical conditions require them to be able to survive with marine products. As with the explanation of the third form of culture, which is a form of physical culture, coastal communities have a lot of equipment that supports their activities as fishermen. Nets, boats, marine products are an example of a system of equipment used by coastal communities. Because the majority of the population are fishermen, their equipment system is not far from the function of fishing and processing fish.

Stakeholder analysis

Based on the results of interviews and observations in the field, mapping of stakeholders based on the level of influence (power) and interest, there are 3 groups that become stakeholders in the development process (Table 02 and Figure 01 ).

Stakeholders with high levels of interest and power are classified as Key Players. These stakeholders include Surabaya City Bappeko, Kenjeran Subdistrict, Tambak Wedi Village, coastal communities, and fishermen groups. Surabaya City Development Planning Agency (Bappeko) which has the task of carrying out the formulation and implementation of Regional policies in the field of development planning has a great importance and influence for development in coastal areas. Bappeko has the function of formulating technical policies for development planning, coordinating the preparation of development plans, as well as guiding and implementing tasks in the field of development planning. Then Bulak Subdistrict, which is the level of coordination of development programs from the city government to the village, has a very vital role in translating and coordinating development; Whereas Tambak Wedi Village which is the government level closest to the community is a government institution that can succeed in development. Then the community in the development process must be involved starting from the process of planning, implementing, and evaluating development. One community group that must fully participate in the development process in the coastal area of Tambak Wedi Village is the fisherman group. However, the data obtained for the Tambak Wedi village that needs to be considered is the fishermen, but other sectors such as the plan to develop religious tourism areas also need to be considered properly by the government. The condition of the community underwent changes, not all of them are now fishermen seen from the data above.

Stakeholders with a low level of interest but have high power are classified as supporters (Contest setters). Included in this category are various non-formal organizations that grow in the community, such as religious organizations which includes Nahdatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, kyai or ustadz (preachers) who are role models for the surrounding community. Since kyai or ustadz in areas that have a significant religious system have many interactions with the community, they have important influence in the development process.

Stakeholders with a low level of interest and power are classified as Other Followers (Crowd). This group is a local and private NGO. From the results of interviews with various sources, there were no NGOs active in the development process in Tambak Wedi Village area. Then the private sector in this case are private companies that can become government partners in the development process.

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