Author of the concept, year of publication |
Type of studied concept |
Devices affecting the proposition itself |
Devices affecting relations between the speaker and the propositional content |
Devices used to shift the responsibility for the proposition |
Other types of relevant devices |
Prince, Frader, & Bosk, (1982) |
Hedging |
Approximators (adaptors + rounders) |
Shields (plausibility hedges) |
Shields (attribution hedges) |
- |
Fraser (1980) |
Mitigation |
Content mitigation |
Force / Speech act mitigation |
- |
- |
Fraser (2010) |
Hedging |
Propositional hedging |
Speech act hedging |
- |
- |
Caffi (1999) |
Mitigation |
Bushes |
Hedges |
Shields |
- |
Takhtarova (2010), Karakulova (2016) |
Mitigation |
Propositional mitigation |
Propositional mitigation |
Deictic mitigation |
Illocutionary mitigation (e.g. indirect speech acts, subjunctive mood, modality, etc.) |
Hübler (1983) |
Indetermination |
Understatements |
Hedges |
- |
- |