Psychological Damage In Victims Of Intimate Partner Violence (Ipv): A Comparative Study With Young Mexicans

Abstract

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is considered a public health problem that has implications on personal development. Recent studies indicate that this phenomenon deteriorates the subjective well-being of the victims. The relation between both phenomenons have not been studied much in Mexico. Therefore, the objective of the research was determining partner violence as a source of psychological damage. The research participants were 426 young people from the Northern region of Jalisco, Mexico; of these, 39% were men (164) and 61% women (262). The ages of the participants are in the range from 17 to 29 years; their average age is 20, with a standard deviation of 3 years. For the collection of data, the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Domestic Violence Victims by Colombia's National Attorney General's Office (PGN), the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were applied. The Spearman Test and Kruskal Wallis Test were used to evaluate the variable correlation.

Keywords: Intimate partner violenceyoung peoplesubjective well-beinghappiness

Introduction

In recent years it has been recognized that violence between couples is a social problem that has attracted international attention. This type of violence has been called domestic violence, intrafamiliar violence, marital rape, intimate partner violence (IPV), among others (Aiquipa, 2015), that makes the investigation of the phenomenon more complicated. By definition, according to Cienfuegos and Díaz-Loving (2010), intimate partner violence comprises any active or passive behavior that damages or intends to harm, hurt or control the person with whom you have or had an intimate, sexual or loving bond. Such behaviors cause at least three types of damage: physical, psychological or sexual, in the short and long term (Buvinic, Morrison, & Orlando, 2005; Puente-Martínez, Ubillos-Landa, Echeburúa, & Páez-Rovira, 2016; WHO, 2011).

According to these effects, Alegría and Rodríguez (2015) have classified couples’ violence basically in three ways: psychological, physical and sexual. Psychological violence implies action or omission, and another person is injured without leaving visible traces; it produces damage in the emotional sphere, the main means used is verbal communication. Physical violence refers to non-accidental behaviors that damage physical integrity with minor or serious injuries. And finally, sexual violence refers to any type of physical or emotional pressure exerted by a person to impose unwanted sexual acts by the partner.

The majority of the studies focused on the identification of the guys of violence report that among the three types of violence mentioned, psychological violence it is more frequent, followed by physical and, to a lesser extent, sexual violence (Alegría & Rodríguez, 2015; Benavides, 2015; López, Fundora, Valladares, Ramos, & Blanco, 2015; Rodríguez, 2015; Rubio-Garay, Carrasco, Amor, & López-González, 2015).

The findings of an investigation published by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013) show that intimate partner violence is the one that is most exerted against women; according to this publication, 38% of murdered women were deprived of life by their intimate partner. Commonly, that violence represents the end of a long history of abuse. The same study reveals that, in Latin America, 29.8% of women have been victims of physical and/or sexual violence by their partners.

Guedes, García and Bott (2014) also consider that 36% of women have suffered intimate partner violence (physical or sexual), so they are more prone to suffer serious injuries than men. For these authors, the consequences of this type of violence can be lasting and far-reaching, therefore it is an important cause of injuries, illnesses and in some cases even death.

On the other hand, a study conducted by Fernández de Juan, Martínez, Unzueta and Rojas (2016) found that in 78% of couples in a sample, some type of violence had been perpetrated or suffered, without significant differences between men and women. The authors found that a higher percentage of men were victims of psychological violence than women, especially verbal violence (95.7% for women vs. 90.2% for men), which implies that approximately the same number of men as women they exerted psychological violence. In contrast, the authors noted that a greater number of women were sexually and economically abused.

For the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO, 2013) intimate partner violence is widespread in the population throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, and the prevalence variates by country. Between a quarter and half of the women in that region reported receiving some type of violence from their intimate partner.

In Mexico, the study of intimate partner violence has been of great interest in recent decades, mainly due to its high prevalence. Until two decades ago, in Mexico, partner violence could hardly be measured, partly as a result of the poor reporting of victims, and also an outcome of the acceptance of violent behaviors as normal (Castro & Casique, 2009; Trujano & Mendoza, 2000).

This is reflected in some reports such as the National Survey of Violence in Dating Relationships (ENVINOV) of the Mexican Youth Institute (IMJUVE) in 2007. In such report it was evidenced that 15.5% of young people, between 15 and 24 years old they had a relationship as a couple had been victims of physical violence, 75.8% psychological violence and 16.5% sexual violence (IMJUVE, 2007).

A decade later, with the National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relations (ENDIREH) from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) by the Mexican Government, it was discovered that 43.9% of women had ever suffered violence from their partner; it is reported that the predominant violence was emotional, and that it was followed by economical, physical and sexual violence. This report also indicates that of the total number of women who suffered physical violence, 34.8% suffered bruises, fractures, loss of teeth, hemorrhages, sexually transmitted diseases, among other harms (INEGI, 2017). Almost 70% of the total number of abused women did not seek for support neither reported the abuse.

From the aforementioned and in conjunction with other studies, it was inferred that psychological violence by the intimate partner is a problem that women experience more frequently, and apparently this is associated with the manifestation of traditional attitudes towards gender roles and sexist behavior by men and women (Cubillas et al., 2016; de León, 2008).

Despite this trend, it is not discarded that some men are target of their partners' aggressive behaviors, which are predominantly verbal and psychological (Benavides, 2015; López et al., 2015; Moral & López Rosales, 2013; Rey-Anacona, 2017; Rodríguez, 2015). Whilst they are less frequent, the possible bidirectionality in aggression dynamics is not omitted (Moral & López Rosales, 2013).

Recent studies have found that some psychological and sociocultural factors are related to intimate partner violence (Jaen, Rivera, Amorin, and Rivera, 2015; López-Cepero, Rodríguez, Rodríguez, & Bringas, 2014; Puente-Martínez, Ubillos-Landa, Echeburúa, & Páez-Rovira, 2016; Rubio-Garay et al., 2015). Among the main ones are the sociodemographic and personal features of individuals, such as sex, low educational level, poor income, unemployment and social class (Capaldi, Knoble, Shortt, & Kim, 2012). Other studies show some psychological features associated with partner violence, such as emotional dependence, aggressiveness, deterioration of self-esteem, among others (Alegría, 2016). Other variables include close adherence to religious beliefs and gender attitudes (Aiquipa, 2015; Capaldi et al., 2012; Cubillas et al., 2016; Jaen et al., 2015; Rey-Anacona, 2017). Some studies also show that the duration of the relationship is a factor for the appearance of violent behavior in couples.

A similar explanation is proposed for the legal status of couples and the number of children they have procreated (Moral & López Rosales, 2013). Additionally, research indicates that the violence perpetrated in the couple is gradual and progressive (Arias & Espinosa, 2017; Rodríguez, 2015) and that, regardless of the type of violence, the population finds it difficult to identify violent behaviors in the couple, simply said, this type of behavior tends to normalize it (García et al., 2013). Moreover, it is also known that the impact of partner violence is maximized when victims do not have enough social support to act as a protective factor (Cienfuegos & Díaz, 2011; de Alencar & Cantera, 2017; Estrada, Herrero, & Rodríguez, 2012; García, Wlodarczyk, Reyes, San Cristóbal, & Solar, 2014; Matud, Aguilera, Marrero, Moraza, & Carballeira, 2003; Plazaola, Ruiz, & Montero, 2008).

In other studies, it has been found that the appearance of violent behaviors in couples has serious consequences for the victims (Jaen, et al., 2015; Rubio-Garay et al., 2015). For instance, some research shows that dating violence generates significant damage to integrity (Arias & Espinosa, 2017). According to Watkins et al. (2014) and with Labrador, Fernández and Rincón (2010), physical violence and psychological violence have a negative impact mainly on the physical and mental health of women. According to the WHO (2013), women who are victims of violence present deteriorated both subjective well-being and quality of life. Other authors show that partner violence is related to social interaction problems in victims (García & Matud, 2015; López-Cepero et al., 2014; WHO, 2011).

Problem Statement

These findings encourage us to reflect on the perception that victims of intimate partner violence have about their own lives, which may probably be followed by negative feelings and dissatisfaction. According to Cuadra and Florenzano (2003), this can be perfectly framed as a perception of subjective well-being and could be classified into three great conditions. The first, around the assessment of the type of life that the victims of partner violence lead (level of satisfaction with life). The second regarding the predominance of negative feelings or affections, and the third related to the level of happiness they experience.

In the Mexican context, the knowledge of the effects of intimate partner violence on the subjective well-being of victims of violence is still insufficient, so it is pertinent to find out if there are differences in satisfaction and happiness levels according to the type of violence that victims experience.

It is essential to assess the potential damage of each type of partner violence in the subjective well-being, both in women and men, because the deterioration of subjective well-being is related to the additional activation of numerous psychological stressors (Raya et al., 2004).

Research Questions

Based on this revision of the available literature, it is considered relevant to answer the following questions: Do people who are victims of intimate partner violence report unhappier and dissatisfied with the life they experience? In other words: Do levels of happiness and satisfaction with life vary depending on the type of partner violence? What is the prevalence of couple violence in the Mexican population segment under study? What are the levels of happiness and satisfaction with life self-reported by the Mexican population segment in the research?

Purpose of the Study

The objective of this article is to provide the necessary evidence to support the hypothesis that the happiness and satisfaction with life levels with life decrease depending on the type of partner violence that some people experience, since they are exposed to various psychosocial stressors, which increase their probability of suffering psychological damage and threaten their quality of life.

Research Methods

Findings

Conclusion

The objective of this article has been to provide evidence to support the hypothesis that levels of happiness and satisfaction with life decrease depending on the types of partner violence that some people experience. After examining the evidence provided by the study that has served as the basis for this article, it is concluded that happiness levels decrease with the three types of violence analyzed: psychological, physical and sexual; while satisfaction with life decreases only with the first two; that means that the experience of sexual violence does not seem to affect the levels of life satisfaction reported by some research participants. Despite this exception, which does not allow to fully testing the hypothesis from which the investigation was based, it can be concluded that the experience of partner violence causes damage to subjective well-being, which constitutes a threat to the quality of life between couples.

It should be noted that the total prevalence of partner violence reported in this article (28.9%) is very close to that shown by other studies recently conducted in the Mexican context: one is that of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in which a prevalence of 42% is reported (Kolev, Nowacka, & Ferrant, 2014) the other is that published by Jaen et al. (2015), where a prevalence of 30% is reported in the domestic federative entity “State of Mexico”. This document agrees with other publications, in which it is shown that the most frequently reported partner violence is psychological, which is followed by physical violence and then sexual violence (Alegría, 2016; Fernández de Juan et al., 2016; Labrador et al., 2010; Raya et al., 2004).

Likewise, the findings made with the hypothesis tests in this text are consistent with the results of other publications, which show high and significant relationships between partner violence and subjective well-being (Arias & Espinosa 2017; Cienfuegos & Díaz, 2011; Guedes et al., 2014; Plazaola et al., 2008). This article also shows that couple violence negatively predicts the condition of subjective happiness and satisfaction with life, which makes it necessary to intervene comprehensively and conceive this phenomenon as a source of psychological damage.

On the other hand, it is necessary to point out that the results of this research have some limitations. This is an intentional sample study with a transversal design that allowed us to find a significant correlation and some covariations between the components of the variables, which, despite this, cannot be considered as a causal relationship. This type of relationship can only be observed with longitudinal and experimental designs. Therefore, we propose that the research of these relationships continue in other social contexts, with random samples and with a longitudinal design, as well as with new moderating variables such as social capital or additional personality factors. There are authors who argue, for example, that the scarce support networks are a risk factor for the development or persistence of violent relationships in couples (Molina & Moreno, 2015). Future research in our national context aims to monitor changes in violence and subjective well-being over time, as well as other personal and socio-cultural moderating variables.

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