Ideas About Parenting Depending On The Type Of Family Self-Determination Of Students

Abstract

The relevance of research of the conditions and factors of formation of ideas about parenting among students is due to a decrease in fertility in Russia and many other countries, the distribution of the phenomena of "delayed parenthood", "child-free", deviant motherhood, etc. The article presents the results of an empirical research, the purpose of which is to identify the characteristics of ideas about parenting (an ideal father / an ideal mother, I am a future father / I a future mother), depending on the type of family self-determination of young men and women. In order to achieve the goal we used a set of complementary methods: theoretical and methodological analysis of literary sources, psycho-diagnostic methods (the method of semantic differential, a projective technique of "Incomplete Sentences", the questionnaire "Role Expectations and Claims in Marriage" by A. N. Volkova), methods of applied statistics. The study involved 1109 students of 15 to 22 years old. The hypothesis was confirmed with the help of correlation analysis that the content and hierarchical structure of qualities in the images of "an ideal father", "an ideal mother", "I am a future father", "I am a future mother" depend on the type of family self-determination of young men and women. The type of family self-determination determines the features of the content and hierarchical structure of ideas about parenting among young men and women. The results will be useful in developing a program of psychological and pedagogical support for the development of responsible, inclusive parenthood among student's youth.

Keywords: Parenthoodmotherhoodfatherhoodfamily self-determinationstudents

Introduction

The relevance of the research of representations of young men and women about parenthood is due to the current crisis of motherhood and fatherhood. On the decline of the value of the parent institute in society show the rise of non-marital births, the number of same-sex families, a conscious rejection of the implementation of the maternal role in explanation of a hedonistic nature (childfree), the transfer of children to nannies, small families, delayed fertility, reproductive health disorders, surrogacy, etc. Subjective value of motherhood and fatherhood reduced in the increasing importance of youth motivation, personal achievement, professional fulfillment, which naturally leads to unfavorable demographic situation in Russia and many other countries. The question of the conditions and factors of formation of ideas about parenting and parental position in today's youth is one of the main and studied among the psychological aspects of the problem of fertility insufficiently. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to create a system of measures to help and support responsible, included parenthood and insufficient study of this phenomenon from psychological positions.

Problem Statement

Karabanova and Molchanov (2017) analyzed social, family and psychological factors of formation of parental attitudes at the stage of entering adulthood. It was shown that the formation of value-positive attitude to parenting is influenced by emotional relationships in the parent family. The process of forming an attitude to parenting begins at the earliest stages of childhood with the direct influence of the parent family. Source of samples of their own parent behaviors serves close communication and interaction within the family (Zakharova, 2015; Karabanova et al., 2017). Ovcharova (2003) differentiates the concepts of "parenthood", "motherhood" and " fatherhood". Parenthood is considered by the author as a super individual whole that goes beyond the individual and includes two people who decided to give birth to a new life (At the same time, motherhood and fatherhood relate to the individual, differ behavioral responses, due to gender and ethno-cultural stereotypes.

The subject of special research was the question of the peculiarities of the attitude to the motherhood of young women in the period of entry into adulthood. These researchers (Burmenskaya et al., 2018) confirm the trend of reducing the subjective importance of motherhood among female students as a special social group. It is established that the order of birth and sex sibling reveal a certain connection with the nature of the relationship of young women to motherhood. Studies show that there is a connection between the value sphere of the individual and the peculiarities of the relationship to the parental position (Karabanova et al., 2018b). It is proved that the nature of parent-child relationships (psychological separation from the mother and the experience of acceptance / rejection) determine the type of relationship to the maternal role of students (Sadovnikova et al., 2018). Attitude towards the world and self-esteem is the important factors in the formation of attitudes to parenting and motherhood (Karabanova et al., 2018a).

Traditionally, paternity is understood as a social institution, a system of rights, duties, social expectations and demands placed on the man as a parent, rooted in the normative system of culture and in the structure of the family. Father identification – the process of understanding yourself as a parent and the acceptance (or denial) of existing cultural norms of behavior of the father (taking roles) (Gurko, 2008, p. 106). The works of Sadovnikova (2017), Avdeeva (2012), Borisenko (2015), Levchenko (2008), Danilova (2012), and others were devoted to the study of the paternal identity of the father, the mechanisms and factors of the father's role.

Resolution of the contradiction between the need of modern society in the formation of value-positive attitude to parenting among students and the need to identify psychological factors of adoption of maternal and paternal role at the stage of entry into adulthood determines the problem of this research.

Research Questions

Today the following issues remain unresolved.

3.1. Are there any particularities in the perceptions of parenting (an ideal father / an ideal mother and I am a future father / I am a future mother) depending on the type of family self-determination of young men and women?

3.2. Does a cognitive image of an ideal father /an ideal mother coincide with the ideas of the students' own fatherhood / motherhood depending on the type of family self-determination?

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this research was to identify the characteristics of ideas about parenting, depending on the type of family self-determination of young men and women. We have put forward the hypothesis that perceptions of parenthood (an ideal father / an ideal mother and I am a future father / I am a future mother) of students are determined by the type of family self-determination. In accordance with the goal and hypothesis we have conducted a research aimed at solving the following problems.

4.1. Explore the features of ideas about parenting (an ideal father / an ideal mother, I am a future father/ I am a future mother), depending on the type of family self-determination of young men.

4.2. To determine the features of ideas about parenting (an ideal father / an ideal mother, I am a future father/ I am a future mother) depending on the type of family self-determination of young women.

The research was conducted on the basis of the Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan Branch of Russian Academy of National Economy and State Service under the President of the Russian Federation, Branch of Russian State University for the Humanities in Astrakhan, Astrakhan State Polytechnic College, Astrakhan College of Computing Technology. The research involved 1109 students of 15 to 22 years old. There were 420 young men and 689 young women.

Research Methods

In order to achieve the objectives and prove the hypothesis we used a set of complementary research methods.

5.1. The following psych diagnostic methods were used to diagnose the type of family self-determination and mentality: the method of semantic differential, developed by Ch. Osgood, a projective technique of "Incomplete Sentences", the questionnaire "Role Expectations and Claims in Marriage" by A. N. Volkova

5.2. Methods of applied statistics were used for the analytical stage: Shapiro-Wilk criterion, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for one sample, correlation analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis.

Findings

Features of ideas about parenting depending on the type of family self-determination of young men

To diagnose the types of family self-determination, we used the previously presented algorithm (Merzlyakova, 2018), which involves the first stage of factor analysis by the principal components method, the suitability analysis, and then the cluster analysis by the k-means method. In the group of young men, the following distribution is observed: diffuse family self-determination has 42.1 % (177 people), predetermined family self – determination – 10.5% (44 people), declared family self – determination – 21.4% (90 people), achieved and implemented family self-determination – 26% (109 people).

In the group of young men of diffuse type of family self-determination, we used Spearman rank correlation (rs). As a result of the procedure of ranking by the value of the correlation coefficient, a hierarchy of valuable qualities in the concepts of parenting from the most important to the less significant was established. The image of an ideal father has the following hierarchical structure of qualities: 1) diligence (r s = 0.354 at a significance level of p < 0.01); 2) personal independence (r s = 0.327 at p < 0.01); 3) industry (r s = 0.319 at p < 0.01); 4) performance of duties (r s = 0.274 at p < 0.01); 5) patience (r s = 0.235 at p < 0.01); 6) empathy (r s = 0.232 at p < 0.01); 7) respect towards other people (r s = 0.231 at p < 0.01); 8) success (r s = 0.219 at p < 0.01); 9) balance (r s = 0.185 at p < 0.05). The image “I am a future father” is differed by the content and structural characteristics from the notions of an ideal father: 1) respect towards other people (r s = 0.403 at p < 0.01); 2) success (r s = 0.339 at < 0.01); 3) diligence (r s = 0.319 at p < 0.01); 4) performance of duties (r s = 0.242 at p < 0.01); 5) empathy (r s = 0.24 at p < 0.01); 6) responsibility (r s = 0.238 at p < 0.01); 7) industry (r s = 0.222 at p < 0.01); 8) balance (r s = 0.196 at p < 0.05); 9) personal independence (r s = 0.158 at p < 0.05). In diffuse family self-determination among young men the image of an ideal mother possesses qualities such as diligence (r s = 0.427 at p < 0.01), personal independence (r s = 0.399 at p < 0.01), respect (r s = 0.373 at p < 0.01), industry (r s = 0.316 at p < 0.01), success (r s = 0.277 at < 0.01), balance (r s = 0.219 at p < 0.01), performance of duties (r s = 0.162 at < 0.05).

In a group of young men with a predetermined type of family self – determination for quantitative variables whose distribution corresponds to the normal law, Pearson's linear correlation (r) was calculated if the distribution of at least one variable differs from the normal Law-Spearman's rank correlation (rs).  In representations of young men of the predetermined type an ideal father has to be: 1) diligent (r s = 0.423 at p < 0.01); 2) able to empathize (empathy) (r s = 0.358 at p < 0.05); 3) independent (r s= 0.301 at p < 0.05). The image of an ideal father does not coincide with the idea of himself as a future father. The paternity is perceived as happiness among young men of the predetermined type ( r = 0.305 at p < 0.05), important qualities are considered success (r = 0.384 at p < 0.01) and industry (r = 0.352 at p < 0.05). The important qualities in the image of an ideal mother among young men are considered: diligence (r s = 0.443 at p < 0.01), performance of duties (r s = 0.431 at p < 0.01), respect towards other people (r s = 0.368. at p < 0.05), responsibility (r s = 0.301at p < 0.01).

The rank correlation of Spearman was used in the group of young men of the declared family self-determination. There is the following hierarchy of qualities in the image of an ideal father: 1) the high importance of parental roles and responsibilities in the upbringing of children (r s = 0.89 at p < 0.01); 2) diligence (r s = 0.514 at p < 0.01); 3) patience (r s = 0.414 at p < 0.01); 4) performance of duties (r s = 0.386 at p < 0.01); 5) industry (r s = 0.366 at p < 0.01); 6) respect towards other people (r s= 0.363 at p < 0.01); 7) balance (r s= 0.324 at p < 0.01); 8) empathy (r s = 0.23 at p < 0.05); 9) responsibility (r s = 0.223 at p < 0.05); 10) personal independence (r s = 0.21 at p < 0.05). The content of the qualities in the image of the father is almost identical to the idea of ideal parenting, but the hierarchical structure changes: 1) balance (r s = 0.4 at p < 0.01); 2) respect towards other people (r s = 0.398 at p < 0.01); 3) diligence (r s = 0.34 at p < 0.01); 4) patience (rs = 0.296 at p< 0.01); 5) responsibility (r s = 0.295 at p < 0.01); 6) success ( r s = 0.236 at p < 0.05); 7) personal independence (r s = 0.233 at p < 0.05); 8) industry (rs = 0.229 at p < 0.01). The representations among young men with the declared type of family self-determination an ideal mother should be: 1) diligent (r s = 0.361 at p < 0.01); 2) patient (r s = 0.336 at p < 0.01); 3) responsible (r s = 0.327 at p < 0.01); 4) industrious (r s = 0.292 at p < 0.01); 5) successful (r s = 0.277 at p < 0.01); 6) balanced (r s = 0.227 at p < 0.05).

In the group of young men achieved and implemented family self-determination in the result of the calculation of the Spearman's rank correlation and ranking factors, we identified a hierarchy of qualities of an ideal father: 1) respect towards other people (r s = 0.347 at p < 0.01); 2) empathy (r s = 0.298 at p < 0.01); 3) balance (r s = 0.295 at p < 0.01); 4) performance of duties (r s = 0.24 at p < 0.05); 5) diligence (r s = 0.203 at p < 0.05); 6) industry (r s = 0.202 at p < 0.05). According to their content-structural characteristics, the idea of themselves as a future father does not coincide with the image of an ideal father. The image “I am a future father” has the following hierarchical structure: 1) visual appeal (r s = 0.886 at p < 0.01); 2) social activity, the severity of their own professional needs (r s= 0.8 at p < 0.01); 3) diligence (r s = 0.435 at p < 0.01); 4) respect towards other people (r s= 0.422 at p < 0.01); 5) balance (r s= 0.372 at p < 0.01); 6) responsibility (r s= 0.301 at p < 0.01); 7) personal independence (r s = 0.24 at p < 0.05). Cognitive image of an ideal motherhood contains the following qualities: 1) respect towards other people (r s = 0.329 at p < 0.01); 2) personal independence (r s = 0.231 at p < 0.05); 3) diligence (r s = 0.21 at p < 0.05); 4) success (r s = 0.207 at p < 0.05); 5) balance (r s = 0.202 at < 0.05).

Features of ideas about parenting depending on the type of family self-determination of young women

Similarly, in the group of young women, we studied the features of ideas about parenting, depending on the type of family self-determination. The following types of family self-determination were revealed among young women: diffuse family self – determination has 15.8 % (109 people), predetermined family self – determination – 17 % (117 people), declared family self-determination – 27.7 % (191 people), achieved and implemented family self-determination – 39.5 % (272 people).

The linear Pearson c orrelation (r) and Spearman rank correlation (rs) were calculated in the group of young women of diffuse family self-determination type . In the image of an ideal father there is the following hierarchy of qualities: 1) diligence (r = 0.55 at p < 0.01); 2) respect towards other people (r = 0.46 at p < 0.01); 3) patience (r = 0.389 at p < 0.01); 4) personal independence (r = 0.382 at p < 0.01); 5) empathy (r s = 0.357 at p < 0.01); 6) performance of duties (r s = 0.31 at p < 0.01); 7) industry (r = 0.309 at p < 0.01); balance (r = 0.309 at p < 0.01); 8) success (r = 0.274 p < 0.01); 9) responsibility (r = 0.191 at p < 0.05). The image of an ideal mother has the following hierarchical structure: 1) diligence (r = 0.677 at p < 0.01); 2) respect towards other people (r = 0.588 at p < 0.01); 3) patience (r = 0.468 at p < 0.01); 4) personal independence (r = 0.4 at p < 0.01); 5) success (r = 0.381 at p < 0.01); 6) balance (r = 0.352 at p < 0.01); 7) empathy (r = 0.338 at p < 0.01); 8) industry (r = 0.314 at p < 0.01); 9) performance of duties (r s = 0.291 at p < 0.01); 10) responsibility (r = 0.214 at p < 0.05). The image “I am an ideal mother” is differed from the image of an ideal mother by fewer qualities and their hierarchy: 1) respect towards other people (r = 0.463 at p < 0.01); 2) diligence (r = 0.415 at p < 0.01); 3) balance (r = 0.396 at p < 0.01); 4) performance of duties (r s = 0.334 at p < 0.01); 5) empathy (r = 0.319 at p < 0.01); 6) success (r = 0.315 at p < 0.01); 7) industry (r = 0.291 at p < 0.01); 8) responsibility (r = 0.29 at p < 0.01).

We used Spearman's rank correlation in the group of young women with a predetermined type of family self-determination . The image of an ideal father has the following hierarchical structure of qualities: 1) industry (r s = 0.384 at p < 0.01); 2) personal independence (r s = 0.345 at p < 0.01); 3) respect towards other people (r s = 0.341 at p < 0.01); 4) patience (r s = 0.316 at p < 0.01); 5) diligence (r s = 0.296 at p < 0.01); 6) responsibility (r s = 0.226 at p < 0.05); 7) balance (r s = 0.22 at p < 0.05). Among young women of the predetermined type the cognitive image of an ideal mother is characterized by the following set of qualities: 1) diligence (r s = 0.399 at p < 0.01); 2) respect towards other people (r s = 0.306 at p < 0.01); 3) patience (r s = 0.223 at p < 0.05); 4) responsibility (r s = 0.215 at p < 0.05). The cognitive image “I am a future mother” does not coincide with the idea of an ideal mother. The quality of the image “I am a future mother” have the following hierarchical structure: 1) visual appeal (r s = 0.737 at p < 0.01); 2) providing emotional therapeutic support to other family members (r s = 0.671 at p < 0.01); 3) industry (r s = 0.342 at p < 0.01); 4) diligence (r s = 0.313 at p < 0.01); 5) responsibility (r s = 0.269 at p < 0.01); 6) performance of duties (r s = 0.234 at p < 0.05); 7) respect towards other people (r s = 0.224 p < 0.05); 8) balance (r s = 0.196 at p < 0.05).

In the group of young women declared type of family self-determination in the result of the calculation of the Spearman's rank correlation and ranking factors established the following hierarchy of qualities of an ideal father: 1) diligence (r s = 0.457 at p < 0.01); 2) personal independence (r s = 0.454 at p < 0.01); 3) respect towards other people (r s = 0.397 at p < 0.01); 4) success (r s= 0.35 at p < 0.01); 5) performance of duties (r s = 0.334 at p < 0.01), industry (r s = 0.334 at p < 0.01); 6) balance (r s = 0.285 at p< 0.01); 7) patience (r s = 0.236 at p < 0.01). From this typological group, the image of an ideal mother hierarchy is characterized by the following qualities: 1) diligence (r s= 0.478 at p < 0.01); 2) personal independence (r s = 0.371 at p< 0.01); 3) success (r s = 0.354 at p < 0.01); 4) respect towards other people (r s = 0.353 at p < 0.01); 5) industry (r s = 0.258 at p < 0.01); 6) balance (r s = 0.225 at p < 0.01); 7) performance of duties (r s = 0.204 at p < 0.01); 8) empathy (r s = 0.176 at p < 0.05). The image of his mother and ideals contributed to the formation of a hierarchical structure in the way “I am a future mother”: 1) respect towards other people (r s= 0.453 at p < 0.01); 2) personal independence (r s = 0.402 at p< 0.01); 3) diligence (r s = 0.39 at p < 0.01); 4) balance (r s= 0.291 at p < 0.01); 5) performance of duties (r s = 0.289 at p < 0.01); 6) success (r s = 0.215 at p < 0.01); 7) responsibility (r s = 0.2 at p < 0.01); 8) patience (r s = 0.171 at p < 0.05).

In the group of young women made and implemented family self-determination in the result of the calculation of the Spearman's rank correlation and ranking factors established the following hierarchy of qualities of an ideal father: 1) diligence (r s = 0.498 at p < 0.01); 2) personal independence (r s = 0.407 at p < 0.01); 3) balance (r s= 0.386 at p < 0.01); 4) industry (r s = 0.378 at p < 0.01); 5) performance of duties (r s = 0.363 at p < 0.01); 6) patience (r s = 0.351 at p < 0.01); 7) respect towards other people (r s = 0.345 at p < 0.01); 8) responsibility (r s = 0.329 at p < 0.01); 9) success (r s = 0.312 at p< 0.01); 10) empathy (r s = 0.142 at p < 0.01). From this typological group, the image of an ideal mother hierarchy is characterized by the following qualities: 1) diligence (r s= 0.532 at p < 0.01); 2) respect towards other people (r s= 0.372 at p < 0.01); 3) personal independence (r s = 0.368 at p< 0.01); 4) industry (r s= 0.331 at p < 0.01); 5) balance (r s = 0.284 at p< 0.01); 6) performance of duties (r s = 0.256 at p < 0.01), success (r s = 0.256 at p < 0.01); 7) patience (r s = 0.238 at p < 0.01); 8) responsibility (r s = 0.193 at p < 0.01). The image “I am a future mother” is differed from the image of an ideal mother of a large number of qualities and hierarchical structure: 1) the importance of parental roles and responsibilities in the upbringing of children (r s = 0.533 at p < 0.01); 2) active participation in the management of the household (r s = 0.503 at p < 0.01); 3) diligence (r s = 0.499 at p < 0.01); 4) respect towards other people (r s= 0.363 at p < 0.01); 5) responsibility (r s = 0.358 at p < 0.01); 6) balance (r s = 0.339 at p < 0.01); 7) industry (r s = 0.328 at p < 0.01); 8) performance of duties (r s = 0.285 at p < 0.01); 9) patience (r s = 0.276 at p < 0.01); 10) empathy (r s = 0.243 at p < 0.01); 11) success (r s = 0.235 at p < 0.01); 12) personal independence (r s = 0.23 at p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Thus, when analyzing the results of empirical research, we have identified the features of ideas about parenting (an ideal father / an ideal mother, I am a future father / I am a future mother) of young men and women depending on the type of family self-determination.

The type of family self-determination influences the hierarchical structure of qualities in the image of an ideal father of young men and women. Among young men of all types of family self-determination, the image of an ideal father contains qualities such as diligence and empathy. With the declared, diffuse, realized and achieved family self-determination, the image of an ideal father is supplemented by such qualities as fulfillment of duties, industry, respect towards other people, balance. Among young men with the declared and diffuse family self-determination in the cognitive image of an ideal father the greatest number of qualities. There is also personal independence, patience belongs to the above-mentioned. Among young men of a predetermined type of family self-determination, the image of an ideal father is characterized by the least number of qualities. The image of an ideal father among young men declared family self-determination is differed by parent-educational sphere, responsibility. Diffuse type young men consider success to be an important quality of an ideal father. Among young men of a predetermined type of family self-determination, ideas about an ideal father do not coincide with the image of “I am a future father”, which includes such qualities as success and diligence. For young men of the declared, diffuse, realized and reached types the coincidence of qualities in images of an ideal father and “I am a future father” is peculiar (diligence, personal independence, responsibility, respect towards other people, balance), but their hierarchy changes. The young men declared the type in the way his own paternity contains patience. The young men of diffuse type are distinguished by such qualities as performance of duties and empathy. The peculiarity of the cognitive image of “I am a future father” of young men realized and achieved types is the importance of external attractiveness and social activity.

Among the young women of all types of family self-determination, the image of an ideal father contains such qualities as diligence, personal independence, respect towards other people, patience, industry, balance. The young women declared, diffused, implemented and achieved family in the image of an ideal father consider such important qualities as performance of duties, success. Responsibility is the essential feature of an ideal father among the young women of foregone conclusion, diffuse, implemented and achieved types. Empathy is contained in the image of an ideal father among young women of diffuse, realizable and achieved family self-determination.

Among all young men in the cognitive image of an ideal mother, care is an important quality. For young men of the declared, diffuse, realized and reached types of family self-determination the image of an ideal mother includes balance and success. Respect towards other people complements the image of an ideal mother among young men of the predetermined, diffuse, realized and achieved types. Performance of duties characterizes an image of ideal mother at the representatives predetermined, declared and diffusion types. Personal independence among young men of diffuse, realized and achieved types, diligence of declared and diffuse family self-determination. The young men of the predetermined type consider the responsibility of the declared type and patience as important in the image of an ideal mother.

The common qualities of the cognitive image of an ideal mother of young women for all types of family self-determination are care and respect towards other people. Among the young women of declared, diffuse, implemented and achieved types important qualities are the fulfillment of duties, personal independence, industry, balance, success. Responsibility and patience are contained in the hierarchical structure of the image of an ideal mother among young women of predetermined, diffuse, realized and achieved family self-determination. Among young girls of the declared, diffuse types, the image of an ideal mother is distinguished by the presence of empathy. Regardless of the type of family self-determination, the image of “I am a future mother” contains such qualities as fulfillment of duties, diligence, responsibility, respect towards other people, balance. Personal independence, patience is considered valuable properties among young women of declared, implemented and achieved types. Diligence complements the image of “I am a future mother” among young women of a predetermined, diffuse, realized and achieved family self-determination. Success is included in the list of qualities of young women of declared, diffuse, implemented and achieved types. Empathy is contained in the image of “I am a future mother” among young women of diffuse, realizable and achieved family self-determination. The young women of the predetermined type differ in expressiveness in image “I am a future mother” of external appeal and the desire to give emotional and psychotherapeutic support to family members. The cognitive image of “I am a future mother” among young women of realized and achieved family self-determination is characterized by the importance of parental and educational functions, active participation in the household sphere.

Thus, the type of family self-determination determines the peculiarities of the content and hierarchical structure of cognitive images of parenthood (an ideal father / an ideal mother, I am a future father / I am a future mother) among young men and women.

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07 November 2019

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Psychology, educational psychology, counseling psychology

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Merzlyakova, S. V. (2019). Ideas About Parenting Depending On The Type Of Family Self-Determination Of Students. In P. Besedová, N. Heinrichová, & J. Ondráková (Eds.), ICEEPSY 2019: Education and Educational Psychology, vol 72. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 197-205). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.11.17