Higher Education Students Learning Strategies: An Insight Into Czech Educational System

Table 1:

Strategy groups	Subgroups	Specific strategies
MEMORY-RELATED STRATEGIES	Creating mental linkages	GroupingAssociating/elaboratingPlacing new words into context
	Applying images and sounds	Using imagerySemantic mappingUsing key wordsRepresenting sounds in memory
	Reviewing well	Structured reviewing
	Employing action	Using physical response or sensationUsing mechanical techniques
COGNITIVE STRATEGIES	Practising	RepeatingFormally practising with sounds and writing systemsRecognising und using formulas and patternsRecombiningPractising naturalistically
	Receiving and sending messages	Getting the idea quicklyUsing resources for receiving and sending messages
	Analysing and reasoning	Reasoning deductivelyAnalysing expressionsAnalysing contrastively (across languages)TranslatingTransferring
	Creating structures for input and output	Taking notesSummarisingHighlighting
COMPENSATION STRATEGIES	Guessing intelligently	Using linguistic cluesUsing other clues
COMPENSATION STRATEGIES	Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing	Switching to the mother tongueGetting helpUsing mime or gestureAvoiding communication partially or totallySelecting the topicsAdjusting or approximating the messageCoining wordsUsing a circumlocution or synonym
METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES	Centering your learning	Overviewing and linking with already known materialPaying attentionDelaying speech production to focus on listening
	Arranging and planning your learning	Finding out about language learningOrganisingSetting goals and objectivesIdentifying the purpose of a language task (purposeful listening /reading/speaking/writing)Planning for a language taskSeeking practice opportunities
	Evaluating your learning	Self-monitoringSelf-evaluating
AFFECTIVE STRATEGIES	Lowering your anxiety	Using progressive relaxation, deep breathing, or meditationUsing musicUsing laughter
	Encouraging yourself	Making positive statementsTaking risks wiselyRewarding yourself
	Taking your emotional temperature	Listening to your bodyUsing a check-listWriting a language learning diaryDiscussing your feelings with someone else
SOCIAL STRATEGIES	Asking questions	Asking for clarification or verificationAsking for correction
	Cooperating with others	Cooperating with peersCooperating with proficient users of the new language
	Empathising with others	Developing cultural understandingBecoming aware of others’ thoughts and feelings

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Higher Education Students Learning Strategies: An Insight Into Czech Educational System

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