Technology Of Management Decision-Making At Industrial Enterprises In The Digital Economy

V.N. Shepel ,
N.V. Speshilova ,
M.V. Kitaeva

Abstract

The timely and quickest processing of socio-economic data, their analysis and obtaining new, non-trivial knowledge about the economic condition of an enterprise and the choice of “preferred management” decisions is a key target of economic development. The leadership of industrial enterprises constantly has to decide the question: how should they make decisions to maximize remuneration? The study presents the technology of management decisions at industrial enterprises in the conditions of the digital economy, which allows synthesizing decision support systems. It is shown that using the criteria-based approach to decision-making, it is advisable to formulate a problem statement, select quality criteria, determine controlled parameters, describe disciplining conditions, build a simulation model, make calculations with it and make a decision. Problem statements depending on the availability of information about the set of solutions S and the set of quality criteria F can be of three types: the general decision-making problem, the choice problem, the general optimization problem. The procedure for selecting quality criteria consists of four steps: elimination of ambiguity of goals, harmonization of goals, scaling and ranking. A sequence is proposed that is advisable to use when describing deterministic, random, and indefinite groups of factors. Solutions can be obtained on the basis of identifying the controlled parameters Xi (elements of the solution) and the choice for each particular value Xi = g(xij), as well as the use of search methods for new solutions.

Keywords: Digital economyindustrial enterprisedecision makinginformationmanagement decisions

Introduction

Modern economic development is characterized by such features as innovation, dynamism and globalization. The use of digital information and communication technologies creates a new system of economic relations, called the “digital economy”. The emergence of the digital economy, the accumulation of large amounts of data (big data) requires for the development of methods and means of working with economic information. The timely and quickest processing of socio-economic data, their analysis and obtaining new, non-trivial knowledge about the economic condition of an enterprise and the choice of “preferred management” decisions is a key target of economic development. Constantly we have to solve the question: how should we organize decision-making to maximize remuneration?

A number of papers by domestic and foreign scientists describe various areas of the digital economy:

  • Enterprise economics: forecasting bankruptcy of enterprises (Evstropov, 2008; Ashmarina, Streltsov, Dorozhkin, Vochozka, & Izmailov, 2016), forecasting sustainable development of enterprises (Bulgakova & Golovaneva, 2012; Orlov, 2011; Bansal, 2005), analysis of labor remuneration and its productivity (Kolesnikova & Kovalerov, 2015; Vaisburd, Simonova, Bogatyreva, Vanina, & Zheleznikova, 2016; Simonova, Bazhutkina, & Berdnikov, 2015), assessment of the financial condition of a business (Pelipenko & Khalafyan 2015), enterprise resource planning (Brazhnikov, Khorina, Minina, Kolyasnikova, & Streltsov, 2016; Lepistö, 2014), product market segmentation (Pogorelova, Yakhneeva, Agafonova, & Prokubovskaya, 2016; Ashmarina, Pogorelova, & Zotova, 2014) and others;

  • Production processes: modeling the function of production (Matyukhin 2010), modeling of production risks (Potupchik, Pyshnograi, & Tskhay, 2012), production of high-tech products in the industry (Anastasiadi & Silnikov 2013), the use of IT-systems that support business processes at the enterprise (Mesjasz-Lech, 2014) and others.

Problem Statement

Currently, there are quite a number of modern scientific disciplines devoted to the problem of decision making. These include mathematical programming, a game theory, a theory of statistical solutions, a theory of optimal automatic control, economic cybernetics, operations research, system analysis, etc. These disciplines deal with the problem of optimal solutions for different types of control objects and in different conditions of their existence (including industrial enterprises). In this sense, they can be considered as components of a single scientific discipline with the term “decision-making theory” (DMT).

There are three ways to make decisions:

1. A decision is made, prompted by previous life experience (intuition) - an intuitive way.

2. A decision is made on the results of field tests, processed by methods of applied statistics.

3. A decision is made on the results of mathematical modeling.

Decision-making theory at industrial enterprises should answer the following questions:

  • How should decision-making be organized to maximize profits?

  • How to act in such conditions when others can impede the implementation of the planned actions?

  • How to act in such conditions when remuneration can be provided only in the distant future?

Research Questions

To date, the data retrieval procedure and the necessary knowledge extraction from it acquires the greatest relevance.

If earlier the knowledge extraction from information was somewhat creative, then gradually there were templates, which soon grew into special packages, first specialized, and then universal. Systems of algorithms were developed, statistical data processing was developed, hidden patterns came to light (Shepel & Akimov, 2015). Thus, we can talk about the knowledge extraction from a certain set of information that can be formalized. This process is constantly developing and improving, as its methods develop and improve. Data Mining is a collective name used to denote a set of methods for detecting previously unknown, non-trivial, practically useful and accessible interpretations of knowledge necessary for decision-making in various spheres of human activity in data (Dyuk, Flegontov, & Fomina, 2011).

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is to select the technology of management decision-making at industrial enterprises in the digital economy, and to formalize the stages of the technology obtained.

Research Methods

Problem statements

The decision-making procedure begins with the formulation of the problem. Goal setting is a statement of goals (desired results), upcoming actions and the conditions in which they must be performed. We distinguish three different, albeit interrelated, ways in which goals arise:

1. Based on the study of the theory. We study all available environments in order to search for new ideas, theories, methods, materials and devices, and then offer ways to use them at the enterprise.

2. Based on the study of practical needs.

3. We are waiting for specific instructions on the development of new methods for the application of technology and production technology.

The wait method often precludes reasonable planning (due to lack of time) of an action program; when specific instructions, the only way out may be to achieve the goal at any cost. Ultimately, the wait method is the most expensive.

The problem statement based on a study of practical needs can be described as follows. Original statistical data for the analysis are conveniently presented as a matrix.

(original statistical data) =

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, (1)

where

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is the value of the
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th analyzed feature characterizing the state of the object at the moment of time
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desired by the decision-maker (DM);
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- the value of the
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th analyzed feature characterizing the state of the object at the moment of time
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, and the values of
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features characterizing it at
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- consecutive points in time
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are recorded at the object. Obviously, the form (1) actually defines a whole sequence (namely,
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pieces) of matrices. We can also say that the data of the form (1) contain
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realizations of the
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th dimensional time series
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,
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, and the
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th realizations of the
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th dimensional time series
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,
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,…,
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.

If we have the so-called simultaneous observations, then this corresponds to the case

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in the general form (1) and the initial data take the form

(original statistical data) =

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(2),

If

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, then we are talking about time series
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and
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.

Note that for practice the most typical situation is when the times

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, at which the values of the analyzed features recorded are equally spaced, i.e.
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In this case, the time is more convenient to count and mark in the number of “cycles”
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. Accordingly, then, instead
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, it is more convenient to write
Figure 31:
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To preliminarily formulate the problem based on the study of practical needs it is suggested to use the concept of homogeneity or a measure of proximity. In the general case, the concept of homogeneity of the state of objects is defined either by introducing the rule for calculating the distances

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between any pair of objects under study, or by specifying some function
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,characterizing the degree of proximity of the i th and
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th states of objects. If a function is specified
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, then from the point of view of this metric, the states of objects are considered to be homogeneous, belonging to the same class. Obviously, it is necessary to compare
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with some threshold (desired) values
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, determined in each case in their own way. If
Figure 38:
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≥
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, then there is a problem and it is required to formulate the goal.

The proximity measure

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is also used in a similar way, in setting where we must remember to fulfill the following conditions: symmetry
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=
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and monotonous decreasing
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with increasing
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, i.e. inequality
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must follow.

The choice of a metric or a proximity measure is the key point of the study. In each particular case, this choice should be made in its own way, depending on the purposes of the study, the physical and statistical nature of observations of X , a priori information about the nature of the probability distribution of X .

For many management decision-making problems (including for industrial enterprises), it is advisable to use Euclidean space as a metric

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(3)

where

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,
Figure 49:
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, is the value of
Figure 50:
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th feature of the
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th (
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th) state of the object (
Figure 53:
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.

Naturally, from a geometric point of view, Euclidean space may be meaningless (from the point of view of a meaningful interpretation), if features are measured in different units. To correct the situation, they resort to rationing each feature by dividing the centered value by the standard deviation and go from the matrix Х, to the normalized matrix with the elements:

Figure 54:
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(4)

where

Figure 55:
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– the value of the
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-th value of the
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-th object;

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 - the average value of the
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th feature;

Figure 60:
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 - the standard deviation of the
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th feature.

In cases where each component

Figure 62:
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of the vector of observations X can be attributed to some “weight”
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, in proportion to the importance of the feature (it is usually taken
Figure 64:
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where
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) it is useful to apply a “weighted” Euclidean space.

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(5)

The classification of general decision problem depending on the availability of information on the set of solutions to S and the set of quality criteria F is given in the Table 01 :

Table 1 -
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So, for the preliminary formulation of the problem based on the study of practical needs, it is proposed to use Euclidean space or “weighted” Euclidean space.

Selection of quality criteria

To compare the degree of the goal achievement with the help of the chosen method, they use quality criteria, which are a mathematical expression of the goal (a mathematical model of the goal).

The informal procedure for the selection of quality criteria necessary to substantiate decisions at industrial enterprises is presented. The procedure includes four steps:

1) Eliminate the uncertainty of goals, i.e. formulate and write down all the goals that we pursue under this task;

2) Coordinate the obtained list of goals among themselves and with the goals of the parent body;

3) Select a unit and scale of measurement for each goal (to scale), i.e. with this informal operation, we transit the goals into quality criteria;

4) Rank the quality criteria, i.e. rank the criteria in order of importance.

In drawing up a list of goals, we will be helped by: turning to authority; expert analysis; use of casuistic methods.

Disciplining conditions

In any decision-making there are factors that limit the ability to achieve the goal. They are also called “disciplining conditions”.

Among the disciplining conditions may be deterministic, random and indefinite groups of factors. A procedure is proposed that is advisable to use when describing factors that limit the ability to achieve the goal of any operation:

1. From all the parameters characterizing the planned operation, select a set of disciplining conditions and a set of decision elements.

2. From all disciplining conditions, select deterministic, stochastic and uncertain factors.

3. For random factors, consider the possibility of averaging the parameters of disciplining conditions or averaging performance indicators or introducing statistical restrictions.

The review made it possible to identify eleven different methods identifying the laws of distribution, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. However, there are several common features of most or all of the above methods:

  • All methods require the participation of an expert in the field of statistics;

  • Most of the methods are difficult to calculate. For example, the widely used Parzen-Rosenblatt method involves calculating the value of the blur parameter, and the task of estimating its optimal value is more complex than the original problem of restoring the distribution density;

  • All methods (except the method of constructing histograms) imply a procedure for comparing experimental values with a certain theoretical distribution, which, in the case when the proposed distribution laws are numerous, forces the researcher to carry out the identification procedure many times, rejecting by its results only one distribution law, if the hypothesis of compliance is not confirmed;

  • The method of constructing histograms has very low accuracy, and is more often used only for formulating hypotheses, and not for strictly identifying the distribution law.

In the practice of statistical analysis and modeling, the exact form of the distribution law of the analyzed population is, as a rule, unknown. We have only a sample of the general population of interest (Shepel, 2012). If these are simultaneous observations for a single feature, then the matrix of sample data is:

(sample data)=

Figure 67:
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(6).

We are forced to build our conclusions and make decisions based on the calculation of a limited number of sample characteristics. The main selective (empirical) characteristics (Ayvazyan & Mkhitaryan 2001), as a rule, include:

The most informative for continuous random variables is the selective analogue of the density function

Figure 76:
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(empirical density function). The algorithm (procedure) for determining the empirical density function
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suitable for statistical packages or software products includes:

  • The smallest

    Figure 78:
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    and largest values
    Figure 79:
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    in the sample (6) are marked;

  • The range [

    Figure 80:
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    ,
    Figure 81:
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    ] is divided into
    Figure 82:
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    equal grouping intervals (the number of intervals must be within 7-20). In the
    Figure 83:
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    selection, you can use the approximate formula
    Figure 84:
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    ;

  • The extreme points of each of the intervals

    Figure 85:
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    are noted in ascending order; what is the length of the interval
    Figure 86:
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    (
    Figure 87:
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    -
    Figure 88:
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    )/[
    Figure 89:
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    ], then
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    +
    Figure 91:
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    ,and also their midpoints
    Figure 92:
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    are defined;

  • The number of sample data that fell into each of the intervals:

    Figure 93:
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    (obviously,
    Figure 94:
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    ); sample data that fall on the boundaries of intervals, or evenly distributed over two adjacent intervals, or referred only to any one of them are calculated;

  • For each interval, the empirical density function

    Figure 95:
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    is calculated, where
    Figure 96:
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    is the sequence number of the grouping that covers the point
    Figure 97:
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    ;
    Figure 98:
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    - the number of observations that fall in this interval,
    Figure 99:
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    - the length of the interval;

  • Histogram is built, for which extremely points of each interval

    Figure 100:
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    are laid on the abscissa axis, the empirical density function
    Figure 101:
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    is on the ordinate axis. Then the rectangle will correspond to the
    Figure 102:
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    th interval, the base of which is left-closed interval
    Figure 103:
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    , and the height
    Figure 104:
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  • By the type of histogram, the hypothesis about the model of the distribution law of the analyzed general population (for example, normal, exponential, uniform, etc.) is accepted;

  • Estimates of unknown parameters of the hypothetical distribution law

    Figure 105:
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    are calculated (for example, for the normal distribution law, the sample mean
    Figure 106:
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    and sample variance
    Figure 107:
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    ).

The empirical density function

Figure 108:
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is obtained. There is a need for experimental verification of the hypothesis about the type of the distribution law of the analyzed population, i.e. our goal is to check whether the hypothesis
Figure 109:
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expressed does not contradict the existing sample data.

The problem can be solved qualitatively or quantitatively (Shepel, 2012).

4. Divide the indefinite factors into types: a) the probability distribution for the parameters ξ exists in principle but cannot be obtained by the time the decision is made, and b) the probability distribution for the parameters ξ does not exist at all.

For type a), accept the hypothesis about the nature of uncertain factors or try to use adaptive methods.

For type b), choose plausible parameters for uncertain factors or determine the possible range of variation of uncertain parameters or determine the worst strategy for the competitor’s behavior.

Elements of decision-making

Those parameters, the combination of which forms a solution, are called decision elements. The elements of the solution may include various numbers, vectors, functions, physical attributes, etc.

The elements of the solution X i are sets consisting of a finite number of discrete values х ij

Figure 110:
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X i or continuous values from a certain interval ] x i0 ,x in [.

A solution variant (solution alternative) of a decision is a set of decision elements (controlled parameters), each of which is assigned a specific value from the set of permissible x vi = < x 1j ,...,x rk ,...,x mn >.

Solutions can be obtained on the basis of:

- Identify the controlled parameters Xi X i (solution elements) and select for each specific value X i = g(x ij );

- Use methods for finding new solutions.

Simulation

In the process of making decisions, it seems appropriate to use stimulation models. In simulation, the model-implementing algorithm reproduces the process of system S in time and simulates the elementary phenomena that make up the process, while preserving their logical structure and sequence of flow in time.

There could be two types of simulation models: controlled and forecast. Controlled models answer the questions “What will happen if ...?”; “How to achieve the desired?”, And contain three groups of variables: 1) variables characterizing the current state of the object; 2) variables affecting the change of this state and amenable to purposeful selection (control actions); 3) source data and external influences, i.e. external parameters and initial parameters. In forecast models, control is not explicitly highlighted. They answer the question: “What will happen if everything is the same?”

The process of modeling at industrial enterprises is reduced to the implementation of three stages. At the stage of building a model and its formalization, a study of a simulated object is carried out in order to identify the main components of its functioning process. The necessary approximations are determined, and a generalized system model diagram is obtained. This scheme is converted into a machine model at the second stage of modeling by sequential algorithmization and programming of the model. The last third stage of system modeling is reduced to carrying out working calculations on a computer, as well as obtaining and interpreting the results of system modeling.

Decision-making

If a single-criterion problem is solved, then choosing a solution, we naturally prefer one that turns the quality criterion to a maximum (or to a minimum).

In practice, single-criteria problems are rare. Usually, decision-making is characterized by several criteria, which should be turned into a maximum and others into a minimum. A solution that simultaneously satisfies all these requirements is missing. A solution that reverts to a maximum of one kind of criterion, as a rule, does not draw either the maximum or the minimum of others.

When solving multi-criteria decision-making problems (Shepel & Speshilova, 2016; Kitaeva, Speshilova, & Shepel, 2016), a number of specific problems arise that are not computational, but conceptual.

In vector optimization problems there is a contradiction between some of the criteria. This contradiction is usually weak, because otherwise the problem becomes a conflict antagonistic one. By virtue of this, the domain

Figure 111:
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of feasible solutions splits into two disjoint parts: the domain of agreement
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and the domain of compromise
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. The optimal solution can only belong to the domain of compromise, i.e.
Figure 114:
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. Therefore, the search for the optimal solution should be limited only to the domain of compromise
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. Hence is the problem - the selection of the domain of compromise
Figure 116:
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from the area of feasible solutions.

Further search for optimal solutions in the domain of compromise can only be carried out on the basis of a certain compromise scheme. The choice of a compromise scheme corresponds to the disclosure of the optimization operator, usually in the form

Figure 117:
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(7)

where

Figure 118:
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is some scalar function of the criteria vector E .

Thus, the choice of one or another principle of optimality reduces the vector decision-making problem to the equivalent (in the sense of the accepted principle of optimality) scalar decision-making problem.

In those problems in which local criteria have different units of measurement, it is necessary to normalize the criteria, i.e. bring them to a single, preferably dimensionless, scale of measurement.

Usually local criteria have different importance. This should be considered when choosing the optimal solution, giving a well-known preference to more important criteria.

These problems are conceptual in nature, when solving them it is necessary to resort to various kinds of heuristic procedures in which experts play a significant role.

The most suitable for use by the decision maker (DM) is the method of successive concessions. Suppose that the criteria f 1, f 2, ..., f n are arranged in decreasing order of importance. First, we are looking for a solution that turns the first (most important) indicator

Figure 119:
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into a maximum. Then we assign, based on practical considerations, some “concession”
Figure 120:
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1,
Figure 121:
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, which we agree to make in order to maximize the second indicator f 2. Next, again assign a “concession” to f 2, at the cost of which you can maximize f 3; and so on. Such a way to build a compromise solution is good because here you can see immediately the price of “concession” in one criterion gained in another and what is the magnitude of this gain.

Findings

It has been established that the intuitive way of decision-making gives a big mistake, field tests are not always possible to organize. It is most acceptable to make decisions using mathematical modeling.

To preliminarily formulate the problem on the basis of the study of practical needs, it is proposed to use Euclidean space or “weighted” Euclidean space.

An informal procedure is proposed for selecting the quality criteria necessary for substantiating decisions at industrial enterprises.

A procedure is proposed that is advisable to use when describing the factors that limit the ability to achieve the goal.

When making decisions, it seems appropriate to use stimulation models.

The most suitable for use is the method of successive assignments.

Thus, the study describes a rational decision-making procedure for decision-makers of industrial enterprises consisting of preliminary formulation of the problem, selection of optimality criteria, formulation of disciplining conditions, drawing up a list of alternatives, building a simulation model and decision-making.

Conclusion

In conclusion, over the past two decades, information technologies in manufacturing and business have gone beyond conventional computerization and automation - they have become the basis for the effective use of financial management and marketing, successful management of enterprise resources and customer relationships. Moreover, information technologies gave business access to serious potential accumulated in scientific fields: statistical analysis and numerical modeling, theories of complex systems and neural networks (Breeders, Speshilova, & Taspaev, 2015; Speshilova, 2010). To date, there are a lot of different information products that can carry out a wide variety of calculations. The input data can be quite easily processed using applied statistical packets, however, in practice, in the process of analyzing incoming information and its statistical processing, one may encounter, for example, that the type of the distribution law (which an unknown analyzed data array would obey to) is not determined. This leads to an incorrect application of data processing, and therefore to an incorrect conclusion that, in consequence, will lead to a high error of solutions made. Therefore, a properly organized technology for extracting knowledge from economic databases contributes to effective management decision-making procedures, which is far from important for industrial enterprises operating in the digital economy.

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About this article

Publication Date

20 March 2019

Article Doi

https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.155

eBook ISBN

978-1-80296-056-3

Publisher

Future Academy

Volume

57

Print ISBN (optional)

-

Edition Number

1st Edition

Pages

1-1887

Subjects

Business, business ethics, social responsibility, innovation, ethical issues, scientific developments, technological developments

Cite this article as:

Shepel, V., Speshilova, N., & Kitaeva, M. (2019). Technology Of Management Decision-Making At Industrial Enterprises In The Digital Economy. In V. Mantulenko (Ed.), Global Challenges and Prospects of the Modern Economic Development, vol 57. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 1520-1531). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.155

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