Cognitive Coaching Under University Educational Technologies

The Block of Psychophysiological Methods

“Colour marking of Personal Behavioural Preferences” test characterizes the psychoemotional positioning of the person in his current relations with constantly changing environment events, due to so called “Overcoming of the Competitive Relations” – as Life Style behavioural vector – “Initiative”, “Stereotype”, “Indifference”, “Refusing” “Various capacities and physical skills are required during a competition and thus the athletes need to be in excellent physical condition according to aerobic power, muscle power/endurance; the reaction time used to take advantage for the application of attacks …” (Solodkov, 2011, p. 265); such applied express method of an assessment of the current psychoemotional readiness of the individual for the highest realization of his sports potential was designed as one of numerous variant of well known “Method of Colour Preferences” “Advances in neuroscience have resulted in linking physical activity to cognitive performance as well as to brain functions. The original evidence for such effects of exercise is obtained from psychological investigations such as Colour Preference Testing” (Gasyak, Suvorova, Tarasov, & Yaitchnikov, 2016, p.261-264). Our design allows making the urgent forecast for the optimum choice of the competitive and strategy directly in the conditions of sporting events from among acquired in trainings.

“Biorhythm`s Segment of Behavioural Efficacy” test based on the biological importance physiological biorhythms with period close to month period of time by makes calculation of “Physical” biorhythm (the period 23 days), “Emotional” biorhythm (the period of 28 days), “Intellectual” biorhythm (the period 33 days). The functional status of the student was estimated “in parameters of phase segments of a maximum 45-125^O and a minimum of a modality 145-225^O and particularly of phases of so called “decisive days” 345-15^O “The majority of components of sports performance, e.g. flexibility, muscle strength, short term high power output, vary with days in a sinusoidal manner and peak such as “physical”, “emotional”, “intelligence” rhythms and should be recognized by athletic practitioners” (Shaposhnikova & Taymazov, 2005, p. 215).

«ΔP» as “Pulse` Fitness Event Value” is estimated a digit difference pulse in one minute "prior to" and "after", for example, episode of physical activity (Polar RCX5 RUN).

The Block of General Physical Exercises and the Physical Training

The initial level of physical efficiency of the student was estimated according to the test "PWC170", "Physical Working Capacity" control of level of initial physical working capacity is focused on step test performance on reaching the frequency of 170 heart beat per 1 min., “i.e.: "Low" level 3kgm/min (0,5W) on 1 kg of body mass, "Satisfactory", 6,3 kgm/min/kgbm, "High"-11,5 and 14,3kgm/min/kgbm specific physical activity” “Various capacities and physical skills are required during a competition and thus the athletes need to be in excellent physical condition according to aerobic power, muscle power/endurance; the reaction time used to take advantage for the application of attacks …” (Solodkov, 2011, p. 265).

The current approaches to the student`s Physical Working Capacity training, his personal achievements in the course of implementation of physical training educational program was controlled in tests “PhysFitn”, “Exercises of the General Physical Training”. By this training block student`s proficiency rise in exercises of the general physical training, studying of technical skills such as development of speed, dexterity, force and endurance, relaxation and endurance, condition of the correct breath, etc. Other part of educational program was controlled in tests “SportFitn”, “Exercises of Special Sport Training”. By this training block student`s proficiency rise in exercises at some extent in the general techniques of sport fighting, accepting of technical peculiarity to work in couple with each other with chosen exercises of the general physical training which promote studying of movements in couple such as ability to prepare attack, training in the speed and accuracy of imitation of blows, timely application of protection under easy game temper. Success of the student`s on exercise on the clearness and speed, and also in couple by initiative and productivity the test result was determined by the general in advance known criteria (“present physical fitness demands from the high-intensity intermittent efforts; however, information regarding indicators of physical fitness performance variables is not available enough” (Sushchenko, Shchegolev, & Korshunov, 2016, pp.3-5).

Usually students underwent a general standardized 10-min warm-up composed by: moderate intensity run; Jumping jacks and vertical jumps; Joint movements and mobility, and tests’ specific movements. Then, physical fitness tests were separated by 5 min rest periods. Flexibility (Sit and reach test) Upper Limbs Power (Medicine Ball Throw) Upper Limbs Endurance (Push-ups test) then High intensity, Low intensity actions etc. A lot of these physical exercises are able to be executed much more attractive with more rich variety and emotional attraction such as sport game.

“FRAUDBALL” as “Competitive Advantage Attitude” is the test-game designed as Handball but with three teams (yes, three!). Two usual teams have the Goal and Goalkeeper. But third unusual team has nothing. There are two periods. One of the usual team with minimum number of points after the first period leaves the game. After the second period again the team with minimum number of points leaves the game and the Winner is defined. For “unusual” team the physical activity is the vigorous.

The Block of Statistical Analysis

Experimental data were aggregated by statistical recommendations. All data analyses were executed in “STATISTICA” software version 10.0 and statistical significance was set at 5% (P≤0,05). After Shapiro-Walk’s test for normality and Levine’s for equality of variances, statistical methods were applied as follows: Descriptive data are presented by M±mt (where “mt” is confidence interval “M” is the “mean”, “m” is the “mean error” and “t” is Student's Criterion). So students` intention to enhance their physical endurance and sport experience for systematic, subsequent trainings form has the excellent basis for realization their actual life position as “Competitive Advantage” under sport fighting disciplines during subsequent education.

Introductory physical training cycle

Our physical training program for the first educational semester includes four months. That is Introductory (one month), Coaching Proper (two months) and Outcome Period of trainings. The aim of the Introductory Training Cycle was to investigate of student`s characteristics and to give him a key to the advantage, with hands-on training on psychophysical overcome of any situational decision threshold to be the Winner through participating in sport team.

So, at the Introductory Training Cycle on group of 24 students initial pulse before training was equalled 67±3 in 1 min. (M±mt) and at the end of training it was equalled 91±5 in 1 min., i.e. «ΔP» as “Pulse` Fitness Event Value” of training was equalled 18 in 1 min. to value of pulse (P≤0,05, t). The specific size of physical working capacity on group in general was equalled 4,8±0,9kg/min/kg*bm (test PWC170) “The experimental evidence must be presented in the position of summarizing via evidence category ratings age normal parameters adapted. Exercises must be planned, structured, and has the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness as a final or an intermediate objective” (Yaitchnikov, 2009, p. 54). Among the variety of the physical training exercises the most universal showld be chosen.

At physical exercise with burdening can be used as means of complex improvement of speed of reaction and muscular movements. Physical training process can become even more specific and efficient when considering the pattern of motor gestures from sport fitness technologies. The understanding of the relationship between physical fitness and technical-tactical variables can be of great practical importance to coaches and students. In this context, the present investigation aimed at studying the relationship between physical fitness variables and huge varieties of athlete’s experiences. Students underwent a general standardized 10-min warm-up composed, for example, by: (i) moderate intensity run; (ii) Jumping jacks and vertical jumps; (iii) Joint movements and mobility, and; (iv) tests’ specific movements. Then, physical fitness tests were separated by 5 min rest periods and so on “only scientific researches dealing with the major fitness components of athletes (i.e. body composition and somatotype, aerobic and anaerobic profiles, muscular strength and power) and using accepted methods that provided relevant practical applications for a athlete’s fitness training and/or performance” (Yaitchnikov, 2009, p. 54). The combination may be recommended as alternation high intensity: actions in which the students tries to advance, progress or evolve with clear force, muscular strength or power with low intensity: actions with slow movements, with an apparent low level of applied force and power. During the analysis it was considered that the tactical actions to advance are not necessarily carried out in high intensity. In this sense, the effort & pause ratio was individualized, where effort has being considered as the periods between strength and pause command. The high & low intensity ratio could be also calculated “Therefore, previous information on the match status, reinforced by the knowledge that the exercise has a short duration, would enable prediction of changes in the context of the match, and consequently, in players’ pacing behavior (Ferraz, Gonçalves, Coutinho, & Ardigò, 2018) and so on.

It may be recommended from our practice also to carry out exercises with stuffed balls for development of speed & force qualities, and also in various imitating movements of various throws and pushes, as additional burdening as elements of physical fitness. The number of repetitions of each exercise is defined with the level of background physical fitness, specific features which are engaged. The quantity of series in one occupation 1-2, the weight of stuffed balls are from 0,5 to 2 kg. Exercises were carried out as certain students, and in couples, also in groups. The main objective of work with a stuffed ball is to develop speed and speed of reaction, endurance, accuracy, dexterity at the engaged students “require constant attention on the part of teachers and friends, encouragement, including in working with high-level students. Among engaged in physical culture in this or that form the main motives, according to many studies” (Ignatyeva, 2016, p. 56).

Starting positions were like this: sitting, standing, being kneeling, standing on the left (right) knee. The following exercises are carried out from the listed starting positions with a ball in hands as: inclinations, turns, rotations of a trunk with various amplitude and rate of movements; squats; tossing and throws of a ball, pushing of a ball one and two hands from a shoulder, from breasts; ball throwing sideways one and two hands.

The most common forms of training were exercises in couples. For example, methodical instructions were as: speed fast and maximum, performance of exercises in a definite time, intensity increase. When performing exercises in couples the pass is carried out from standing positions, sitting, lying. In the course of training the following methodical receptions are applied as throws in couples on the maximum force; throws in couples on the maximum speed; throws or passes from various starting positions (standing, sitting on a floor, from a squat, etc.) “Regular practice, regular activity has a differential positive effect on some aspects of cognition can influence many functional aspects, leading to positive effects on both personality and cognitive factors, with implications in psychological well-being, and in the educational field” (Josepten, Etnier, Tomporowski, & Szabo-Reed, 2016, pp.1197–1222).

The usual mistake of beginners is that the student makes a throwing of a stuffed ball mainly at the expense of force of hands and the top humeral belt. Actually, it is necessary to work with all case, connecting muscles of legs, a press and a back throughout all time of performance of a throw as power, the blow in fight, boxing, volleyball and other sports attacking force and an orientation is provided by operation of the case “Information regarding how metabolic and neuromuscular physical fitness is associated with technical-tactical performance in athletes is not available enough whereas neuromuscular fitness models can reach enough values of prediction” (Coswig, Gentil, Bueno, & Del Vecchio, 2018). The emphasis, first of all, has to be placed on correctness and faultlessness of performance of exercises, with gradual subsequent increase of weight of a shell. Each throw of a ball needs to be done explosive and the most powerful. The second key moment is that the main emphasis of loading has to be directed not to hands, and to strengthening of muscles of a torso, in particular muscles of a press and a back. Exercises with stuffed balls are characterized by dynamism, a variety, availability and positive emotional colouring. We would suggest that the personality of athletes from individual sports could play a major role in the competitive output. This may be due to the omission of support from teammates to reach his/her objective (Andreato, Lara, Andrade & Branco, 2017).

It must be so noted that psychological control of the student`s physical achievements under our educational program that chosen psychological, psychophysiological tests were much more lasting with their beneficial effects in comparison with relevant results of physical exercises. Our long lasted research practice makes us possible to use very fruitful “Method of Colour Preferences” which consists of eight colored stimuli as pieces of paper. Blue, Green, Red, Yellow, Violet, Brown, Black, Grey is the order of the choice of the person which correspond his healthy psychoemotional status in standard opinion (Advances in neuroscience have resulted in linking physical activity to cognitive performance as well as to brain functions. The original evidence for such effects of exercise is obtained from psychological investigations such as Colour Preference Testing” (Gasyak, Suvorova, Tarasov, & Yaitchnikov, 2016, p.263). Applied investigatory instrument named as the "Colour Marker of Behavioural Preferences", the express method of an assessment of the current psychoemotional readiness of the individual for the highest realization of his sports potential “The majority of components of sports performance, e.g. flexibility, muscle strength, short term high power output, vary with days in a sinusoidal manner and peak such as “physical”, “emotional”, “intelligence” rhythms and should be recognized by athletic practitioners” (Shaposhnikova, 2005, p. 218).

Exclusively at the Introductory Training Cycle unfortunately there were not the possibility to classify several segments any of all 24 students with “Biorhythm`s Segment of Behavioural Efficacy” test because of identical continuance of education Cycle and the durations any of three physiological biorhythms periods “Athletes participating in a sport which suits their chronotype are more likely to train and perform optimally compared to athletes participating in a sport that contradicts their chronotype; elite and lower level athletes may take up differently” (Lastella, Roach, Halson, & Sargent, 2016, pp. 219–225).

However the test "Color Marker of Behavioral Preferences" may be defined the four-stage gradation of psychoemotional conditions of the individual immediately; These four gradations from creative and initiative to negative and passive allow expecting the main characteristics of the individual personal behavioural reaction to changes in the environment with big expected confidence. The “a” choice corresponds to behavioural style of the “Initiative, Creative Way to Overcome” any opponent`s initiatives (the first colour of choice is blue, green colour is the second one). The “b” choice corresponds to behavioural style of the “Stereotypic, Aggressive Way to Come to an Agreement” with any opponent`s initiatives (the first colour of choice is red, yellow colour is the second one). The “c” choice corresponds to behavioural style of “Habitual Indifference” to any opponent`s initiatives (the first colour of choice is violet, brown colour is the second one). The “d” choice corresponds to behavioural style of “Initial Aversion, Even Asocial Rejection” of any opponent`s initiatives (the first colour of choice is black, grey colour is the second one) “Advances in neuroscience have resulted in linking physical activity to cognitive performance as well as to brain functions. The original evidence for such effects of exercise is obtained from psychological investigations such as Colour Preference Testing” (Gasyak, 2016, p.263).

In control, reference group of seven students-athletes of high qualification (the Master of Sports and above), in a functional condition of whole rest after successful participation in competitions were characterized by order of colour choice as "a›b›c›d" for each athlete (P≤0,05, t) in the “Colour Marker of Behavioural Preferences” test. These indicators correspond to the most effective psychoemotional position of the certain athlete and all team in reaction to events.

Nevertheless at the Introductory Training Cycle all first year (semester) 24 students were divided into two groups on initial behavioural patterns. The group of 16 students was positioned in "Colour Marker of Behavioural Preferences" test as “a≥b›c≥d” so it is possible to interpret as "self-affirmation by persistence with tendency to the passive relation regarding the planned changes (for example, uneven academic loadings according to lesson schedule)". The students of this group who were initially showing the active relation to physical trainings with high rates in "Colour Marker of Behavioural Preferences" test are awarded ranks of "Favourable". Ranks of "Hesitant" are awarded 8 students with low indicators in "Colour Marker of Behavioural Preferences" test as “a≤b≥c≤d”. The students of this group with the passive relation to physical trainings can be presented in characteristics as "inconsistent aspiration to success with tendency to realization of unclaimed properties of the personality (even where rather simple "conscientious learning"; distinctions in positioning of these two groups in a functional condition of absolute rest are reliable (P≤0,05,t). It is very important to keep in memory that combination of indexes of this very comfortable and useful test that characterizes Human Being`s psychoemotional current state is more or less stable during 0,5-1,0 months before and after testing “Advances in neuroscience have resulted in linking physical activity to cognitive performance as well as to brain functions. The original evidence for such effects of exercise is obtained from psychological investigations such as Colour Preference Testing” (Gasyak, 2016, p.263).

At the proper Physical Training Cycle of semester

At the proper Physical Training Cycle of semester (two months) students were to put into their operation such exercises as the variety of specific movements that is Flexibility, Upper Limbs Power, Upper Limbs Endurance, Abdominal Endurance (Sit-up test) with the maximum number of correct repetitions in 1-min, then with then High intensity, Low intensity actions etc. among other skills. However in common coordinated actions of the trainer and students made this process more interesting and productive.

For our wide experience of coaching there was the biggest surprise an aspiration of students to take physical activities of "FRAUDBALL" (Competitive Advantage Attitude) as a basis of educational physical training. As a result all subsequent training was based on students` emotions of preferences in development of dexterity, variability of application of game body-checks with consecutive aspiration to apply the got experience in the start-ups of their sports fighting education.

Competitive nature of physical activity performance imposes on the student personally the greatest psychological, emotional, somatic requirements, and from the other hand under command option there is great intellectual workload like dynamic creation of tactical and strategic schemes during all game for achievement of a victory, both for command, and especially personal.

Having taken sports game pithiness of handball “require constant attention on the part of teachers and friends, encouragement, including in working with high-level students. Among engaged in physical culture in this or that form the main motives, according to many studies” (Ignatyeva, 2016, 56P) as a basis we enhanced a factor of uncertainty, unpredictability of game situations to the most maximum level by insertion of the third team was named “SHARP” which has absolutely nothing to protect (Goal in Handball), but which can achieve any victorious indicators the only by overcoming the defence of each of two traditional rival teams named “OWNER”.

The method to be The Winner for “SHARP” is the only to use natural game antagonism against each other of two traditional rival teams; therefore the initial name for our created investigatory game which is so complex, extreme combinatory, situational physical loading turned out is "FRAUDBALL", “Competitive Advantage Attitude”.

Within eight minutes of the initial first stage of “FRAUDBALL” the “SHARP” team originally may plays four minutes strictly as the member of any team of the “OWNER”, and then the “SHARP” team has a transition (CHANGE) to structure of other “OWNER” team. Thus, “SHARP” team becomes the member of this other new “OWNER” team and now plays strictly in new structure all final four minutes of the first period of "FRAUDBALL". Any team of the “OWNER” during four minutes of the first period of game, in the next four minutes according to rules there is a change of a line-up and the “SHARP” team now plays in structure of the second “OWNER” team. Thus, all whole first period of game all the time happens to the relation of forces as 2:1, but unusual manner.

However the CHANGE condition consists of several variants. The CHANGE condition may appear every 2 min. automatically on a sound signal, or CHANGE condition is carried out on a sound signal arbitrarily by the trainer, however, in the sum total interval for each “OWNER” team must be equal to four minutes and, at last, intervals of CHANGE conditions are set by the Captain of “SHARP” team. At this variant the trainer may only control total time four minutes. Students called such third mode of game which is fallen in love by it as «extreme».

One of the “OWNER” teams leaves game upon termination of the first period if it scored in the first period less points, than other “OWNER” team. Thus, in the second, last period of game, the SHARP team becomes the owner of goal and continues fight against the remained “OWNER” team.

In the second, last period of game the “OWNER” team has tactics and strategy of game practically same, as in traditional handball, however for the “SHARP” team it is not so, it is the most interesting for it. It is improbable, but if by the second period the “SHARP” team has more points, than “OWNER” team has, so chance of a victory for the “SHARP” team is very considerable.

The “SHARP” team has to finish the second period of game with the minimum gap on points with the “OWNER” team, the winner of the first period. Otherwise the “SHARP” team will not be able to liquidate a gap on points which was formed in the game 2:1 mode, in the mode of game of the second period 1:1. In the second period both the “SHARP” team and the “OWNER” team play practically by rules of traditional handball.

The initial line-up is formed differently. At the beginning of a semester the line-up is defined by the decision of the trainer, in the second and third month the line-up is determined by personal preferences of students, and at the end of a semester the line-up is defined by a selection competition in indicators of psychological testing, delta pulse of loadings, tests of physical and sport fitness during all semester since all students want to be in the “SHARP” team. This is the magnificent pedagogical success of the detection and selecting true sport fighters.

Thus our students strongly exhibited their main motivation according trainings that is “Competitive Advantage Attitude”. As a result there was expedient a fixing of skills of performance by the student of biomechanical patterns of concrete physical exercises to control in time, free from “FRAUDBALL”.

Those students at the Control Cycle of the Semester who were regularly carrying out physical activity of FRAUDBALL on an extent of all Cycles and not just exercises of the variety of specific movements were positioned upon termination of the Cycle in the "Colour Marker of Behavioural Preferences" test in such values as a≥b≥c›d or otherwise - "self-affirmation by persistence though is inconsistent, but with confidence in good luck" that corresponds to positive dynamics of psychophysical development (P≤0,05,t). So those students were included in “Favourable” group in total of 19 students. Their hemodynamic index «ΔP» (“Pulse` Fitness Event Value”) of educational and training occupation authentically decreased on 12-19 blows in 1 min. (133±8 119±8mt, P≤0,05, t).

Outcome Period of trainings

At the time three students (from group Favourable of the Introductory physical training cycle of the semester) who irregular visited of occupations of a semester of trainings were characterized with the following registered indicators: the pulse cost of occupation remained high (145±7 139±9mt P≥0,05, t), positioning in the "Colour Marker of Behavioural Preferences" test as a≥b›c≤d or otherwise "self-affirmation situational, inconsistently though to new, but in aspiration to a privacy, to evasion from adoption of obligations" (for example, in regular visit of occupations) that moved them to Hesitant group. To the contrary, six students in Hesitant group of the Introductory Cycle, who were carrying out systematically FRAUDBALL on the semester extent, and not just exercise of the prolog of usual training and other occupation were positioned in the "Colour Marker of Behavioural Preferences" test upon termination of a semester in such values as a≥b≥c›d or otherwise - self-affirmation through recognition (for example, a positive assessment in the magazine of performance of the developing loadings), through obvious success, but at aspiration and manifestation of emotional "merge" to a pedagogical assessment of the carried-out exercises that corresponds to positive dynamics of psychophysical development (P≤0,05, t); at the same time the «ΔP» of educational and training occupation authentically decreased on 17-22 blow in 1 min. (144±7 121±9mt P≤0,05, t); thus these six students moved to Favourable group. In the same group, however, at irregular visit of occupations, the fixed values of indicators were the following «ΔP» (“Pulse` Fitness Event Value”) of occupation decreased to a lesser extent (149±9 137±9mt P≥0,05, t) and positioning in the "Colour Marker of Behavioural Preferences" test as a≥b≤c≤d or otherwise the self-affirmation stereotypic, situational, passive, i.e. for all semester of positive dynamics in a psychoemotional state is not revealed.

So the general result of the semester was as follows: in educational group of twenty four students nineteen students were assess as "active" (that is Favourable) and five were assess as "passive" (That is Hesitant) in the relation of a psychoemotional state and physical development and experienced in “competitive relations” enough.