| Integration factors |  
   Forms of association |  
  
 
   
   | Production and technology |  
   Cooperation, rent, franchising, leasing, outsourcing, subcontracting |  
  
 
   
   | Organization and management |  
   Cartels, syndicates and trusts, holding companies, concerns, consortiums, financial and industrial groups |  
  
 
   
   | Finances |  
   Associations, business companies, public and state corporations |  
  
 
   
   | Economic and legal regulation |  
   Clusters, contractual associations, unions, alliances, self-regulating organizations, special economic zones |  
  
 
   
   | Education and culture |  
   Conferences, seminars, exhibitions, presentations |  
  
 
   
   | Innovations |  
   Science cities, innovative clusters, techno parks, technopolises |  
  
 
   
   | Globalization |  
   Joint ventures, transnational corporations, concessions, free economic zones |