Modern Discursive Practices As Classroom Material For Philology And Journalism Tea

Introduction of new discursive practices in philologist education

The methodology of teaching Russian as a Second Language (RSL) is focused on the teacher's task to form the students' linguistic and communicative competencies in the field of the studied language and culture. The Russian language proficiency of level B1 and above implies the student's ability to understand non-adapted texts on various subjects (Urovni vladeniya russkim yazykom, 2014) [The first level (TORFL-1/B1) of the foreign citizen's proficiency in Russian as a foreign language has to meet the following criteria. <...>To be able to understand dialogues in written and verbal speech, find factual information (subject, time, characteristics of objects, goals, reasons) and express his or her attitude to statements and actions of speakers, to understand announcements in audio recordings, news, social and cultural information.]. Russian philology has highly developed approaches to work with media texts (Skorokhodova, 2008). Taking into account the communicative needs of the students, the teacher should refer to the discursive practices that are not yet reflected in the textbooks and manuals on RSL, but relevant for the adaptation of foreigners to the new cultural reality in the country of the target language. It can be search for apartments for temporary accommodation, renting a car, buying necessary things, dating, search for friends by interest, hotel reservation, etc. Based on these tasks, it is possible to outline the range of potential sources of language teaching material found primarily on the Internet. Most of the texts of this kind are not always decoded by foreigners correctly and, accordingly, it is problematic for them to engage in communication without the knowledge of the peculiarities of the discursive practices and extra linguistic realities. They constitute the background of these texts and it has to be understood. In this regard, a student should master the skills of using the texts that are relevant to the speech practice into language teaching materials. This task is solved in two stages: 1) analysis of discursive practice based on the proposed description model; 2) development of didactic materials taking into account the characteristics revealed by the analysis. For this purpose, students are offered a model describing the discursive practice, which allows them to reveal its cognitive, sociolinguistic, communicative and linguistic characteristics (Issers, 2015). Based on these parameters, the student can describe the linguistic and communicative reality that is given to him or her in immediate observation, but requires reflection in terms of language teaching.

The relevant aspects of the description of discursive innovations include the following: 1) social sphere/institution which is covered by this type of discourse; 2) communicative channel/media; 3) genre features; 4) sociolinguistic characteristics; 5) communicative strategies and tactics; 6) language characteristics; 6) attitude/tonality of communication, etc. As an example of completing the above-mentioned tasks, we will give an analysis of modern practice of house renting found on the Internet.

The use of discursive practices of modern sports commentators as language teaching material

The main agents of sports discourse are sports journalists, sports experts, and sports television commentators. For the professional training of modern sports commentators, language teachers may be advised to use texts of the main genre of sports discourse – live television reports, as well as the texts of sports print and Internet media (Rader, 1999; Sports Illustrateded. By Rob Fidler, 2004; Steen, 2014; The Best of sport, 2005; Wilstein, 2001). These texts are rich with language material.

In regard to what has been said, we will present the author's method of specialized training of independent sports commentators.

1. At the first stage of training, future sports journalists are familiarized with the theory: they are offered to study communicative typology of discursive linguistic personae of sports television commentators who are agents of sports journalistic discourse, as well as clarified genre features and communicative goals of on air TV sports broadcasting.

2. At the second stage , students describe discursive practices within the relevant genre of one of in-service sports commentators. The material for such a study can be taken from the transcripts of television sports reports on various sports made by students themselves. They will also analyze the transcript according to the following plan: a) correspondence of the discursive activity of the sports commentator to the main goals and objectives of sports report and features of the individual modification of the genre; b) basic speech strategies and tactics used by the sports commentator in the report; c) the repertoire of speech genres and its relevance in the report; d) manifestation of the journalist's professional knowledge and competences in the discursive practice; e) the relevance of discursive formulas, words, clichés used by the sports commentator in the report; e) pragmatic and stylistic specificity of produced texts as an indicator of personal characteristics of the discursive language persona of the sports commentator.

3. The third stage of training is a trial commentary of competitions of the sport chosen by the student followed by detailed analysis of practical experience together with the instructor.

The communicative typology of discursive linguistic personae of the sports commentators as a theoretical background of a sport journalist's education

We distinguish seven basic communicative types of linguistic personae of sports commentators: commentator – reporter; commentator – analyst; commentator – expert; ironic commentator; commentator-joker; commentator-cheerleader; commentator-actor (see more: (Malysheva, 2016).

It is obvious that classification of the linguistic persona of the sports commentator is primarily based on his or her main communicative attitude which is realized by the agent of the television sports discourse in the genre of reportage and depends on the individual characteristics of the journalist's linguistic persona. However, this does not mean that if, during the reporting, a certain typology trait dominates, the journalist does not perform communicative actions that are inherent in another communicative type.

Thus, any journalists who works in the genre of live television sports report, cannot avoid being a "reporter", because it is the rendering of the events what constitutes the sport report genre, and, therefore, the journalist is obliged to provide a more or less detailed commentary to the recipients of the sports discourse of what is happening at the sports arena during the broadcast. However, it is not always "reporting" that dominates the discursive practice of sports journalists during their live broadcast.

The practical stage of training includes the analysis of discursive practices of in-service sports commentators within the genre of live TV sports broadcast. Detailed examples of the results of this kind of research are presented in (Malysheva, 2016).

"Ironic" sports report as a new discourse practice

Texts from live television broadcasts produced by ironical commentators are focused primarily on such spectator/user/reader, whose world view, way of thinking and attitude to sports and sport related events do not contradict with those of the journalist. Moreover, such texts are intended for such addressee who is capable to "unravel" the "ironic codes" of these texts.

The existence of such communicative type of discursive linguistic persona is conditioned, in our opinion, by the fact that one of the basic characteristics of contemporary journalistic trends is the postmodern manner of writing. Today irony became not only and not so much a literary device, but a way of world vision , a way of reflection over the reality employed by modern journalists.

The essential feature is its duality, double coding- what Charles Jencks referred to (Jencks, 2015). The complexity of the texts where irony is present and their effect is based on that the addressee should "see" this code and correctly interpret its meaning.

The effect of irony in the speech of the journalist can be created by different means: precedent phenomena and their transformation, ironic tropes (epithets, hyperboles and litotes, metaphors, etc.), violations of the stylistic balance (use of jargon, archaisms, and high flown and substandard vocabulary), the representation of paradoxes, paraphrases and so on.

Mr. Utkin is one of the brightest ironical commentators in the Russian sports journalism and his oral and written texts can become a useful language teaching material for the training of sports journalists. In his sports comments, V. Utkin clearly manifests the tendencies that are characteristic of modern Russian speech in general and the speech of television journalists in particular: in addition to the irony shown at all levels of his texts, they have other elements: interactivity; intense individualism; stylistic versatility, including combination of conversational and bookish styles of speech; abundance of metaphors; attention to the play of words; intertextuality; similarity of radio and tv commentary of any content with a DJ's style of speech; dominance of phatic speech genres, including those of diffusing nature. Metaphors and comparisons are the most frequent stylistic devices in V. Utkin's comments, and we can note the big diversity and number of the tropes that he uses: this journalist very rarely uses stock phrases and clichés:

(1) "Shtil took the ball in his hands, even in his paws, it's hard to call them hands, he looks so much like a bear!"

However, as it has already been emphasized above, the fundamental feature of the linguistic persona of V. Utkin is irony manifested by various linguistic ways: " What a magnificent exchange of passes! I wish I had a ruble to dollar exchange rate that magnificent”.

This journalist has such a word view that enables him to connect incompatible things; he "breeds" signs of different systems, his world is paradoxical and full of ironically perceived original images-that is why many ironic comments of this commentator are built on a directly or indirectly expressed antithesis:

(2) " The England national football team can be compared with the Russian national team: Both have lost a large number of central defenders. This is where their similarity ends "; " The Serbia team came to play football, but it played tennis " (loss with the score 0-6. – Note of the authors).

The language game through the lens of irony is another important characteristic of the linguistic persona of Vasily Utkin. So, on the TV screen, the addressee sees a simple pass to the partner during a football match, but V.Utkin accompanies such video sequence with the following comment: " Xavi keeps the ball for history" ; The team consisting of players of different age is labelled by Utkin, not by the traditional cliché "combination of experience and youth" but by the expression "a rather comprehensible sandwich" ; The movement of a player is compared with the transport technical characteristics: "But look, it's a pure simulation. Asatiani couldn't immediately stop, even a "Mercedes" does not stop at once ; players are compared with animals (" It's incredible, with his hairstyle Ronaldinho looks like a little horse "), the footballer Lombardo who got bald too early is called " grandpa "; the standard speech genre of sports report "The announcement of the lineups of the playing teams" receives an indirect ironic nomination " Saying the duly toasts ", the team's misses in defense are called " Fires ".

These examples reveal that the metaphors produced by the speaker tend to have ironic subtexts.

V. Utkin most often comments matches of foreign football teams, so the author's language reflection is aimed at ironic play upon the meaning of the names of the players that are unusual for the Russian language, and most of the examples we have recorded are interesting from the linguistic perspective: "Arrua Barrera is a player for speech therapists."

Thus, the increased creativity of speech is one of the specific features of the linguistic persona of Vasily Utkin. Individualization of speech is manifested, in particular, in the already mentioned and illustrated word coinage, first of all in the field of occasional word formation based on frequency and regular – and therefore well received by addressees – word formation patterns:

(3) "Ronaldinho woke up, returned to the game and gave a pass by his right working Ronaldinho's foot" ;

(4) "Vio is a truly non-striking man."

The last example is extremely interesting for the analysis: the lexeme 'bezudarny' is motivated by the noun 'udar' ('strike') (as the adjective 'udarny' with certain meanings, for example, ‘udarny trud’ (‘effective work’) or ‘udarny glasny’ (‘stressed vowel’), it significantly expands its compatibility, defining animate noun ( non-striking person ) and realizes occasional meaning "unable to strike/shoot the ball at the right moment of the match, not able to do it (about the player)."

Another peculiarity of the linguistic persona of V. Utkin is that he frequently uses metalinguistic statements that are characterized by ironic background meanings:

(5) "It is a big mistake to call this time compensated , this is a mistake of the translator, in fact the compensated time compensates, and but this is compensating time . Ok, that is fine, it's not a good time for grammar discussions at 1.30 am."

Sports journalist V. Utkin combines the features of an ironical commentator and commentator-analyst, commentator-expert, but in the first place, through the primarily phatic and informative genres that he uses, in the syntactic structures and lexical units, in pragmatic and stylistic style of his texts, he "broadcasts" the ironic world view of a journalist;