Tennis Game Exercises That Influence The Psychomotor Development Of Preschool Children

The Design and Experimental Conditions

The research design used is a mixed 3x2 ANOVA design intervention (Cohen, 1988). Based on such variables were defined two groups: the experimental group and the control group.

The Measurements

"By evaluating the bio-motor potential one can retrieve helpful information about the physical development of the individual, the presence of any bad musculoskeletal attitudes and physical shape information thereof, which, in our view constitute a base for the manifestation of other forms of health" (Cojocaru et al., 2011). "They can be split into three divisions: somatic measurements made on target body measurements: waist, torso, thoracic perimeter, and body mass; functional measurements that reveal the values of functional parameters (respiratory); driving measurements using an evaluation sheet" (Câmpeanu, 2014).

To institute age and sex individualities, reasonable bio-motor ordinary preschool period and orientation of future intervention by the settled protocol, the author used the following methods of measurement and evaluation (Prodan, 2016):

Height - is denoted by H. Tools used: straightedge / anthropometrical frame, weight and height measuring scale. Definition: the distance from the vertex point halfway between the two pterions. Measuring technique: standing position, maintaining all body segments in anatomical position. It marks the vertex, and halfway between the two pterions then performs precision measuring instruments in centimeters.

Weight - is denoted by W. The resulting weight of the sum of the components of the human body that skeletal mass, muscle, adipose tissue, the mass of internal organs, the amount of water. Weight, the skeleton is 15-20%. The weight varies during the day. These variations can be between 200g / day in young children and infants, up to 1 kg and 600 grams per adult, given the degree of filling of the bladder and water loss during the day, sweating, sleep after exercise. Measuring technique - after checking scales, the subject wholly naked or with minimal clothing sits on the scales. It avoids the subject on the scales to balance. The touch must be made with the whole sole and both legs. "Performing such measurements is preferred in the morning, before eating and after emptying the bowels and bladder. To have a complete picture of the development of the matter, the weight will be reported to the waist; it is expressed in kilograms and grams" (Prodan, 2016). For kids, however, "the formula after which a ratio of weight and size is that of Lorentz" (De Landsheere G. & De Landsheere V., 1999), shown as children between 2-6 years: W = (H-100) - [(H-123) × 0.7]

Torso – Tools: straightedge / anthropometrical frame, metric tape. Definition (Prodan, 2016): the distance from the vertex point to the ischial line from a sitting position on the subject. Measuring technique: the subject seated, keeping all body segments in anatomical position. It marks the vertex, and ischial line and the meter is placed between the two landmarks in centimeters.

Respiratory Rate – definition (Prodan, 2016): The amount of oxygen necessary for vital body processes is ensured through breathing. Breathing consists of a rhythmic inhalations and exhalations succession. In normal condition, breathing is calm without any effort. Chest movements are symmetrical, rhythmic and barely visible. Items to be tracked to measure respiratory rate:

• Respiratory type

• Symmetry of respiration

• Amplitude of respiratory movements

• The frequency of respiratory movements

The thorax perimeter – or chest thickness, measured in centimeters. Tools: metal band. The technique of measurement: metric tape placed below the top of the scapula posterior and anterior based xiphoid appendix for men and at joint 4th coast sternum for women. Measure the dimensions of the maximum inspiration thoracic perimeter, thoracic perimeter in forced expiratory movement.

There was applied the set of evaluation tests used in the Romanian national testing, composed of five anthropometrical measurements: size, weight, torso, chest perimeter in inhalation and chest perimeter in exhalation.

At all ages were applied five tests used in Romanian national testing: cardio-respiratory resistance, speed, the expansion force on the upper and the lower extremities, overall skill (Prodan, 2016).

Have been applied ten tests on kids, to be specific: expansion force on lower and upper extremities, speed, overall skill, joint mobility and muscle flexibility, muscle endurance under force, cardio-respiratory and running endurance.

Have been made measurements on the somatic motor potential of children born in 2010 and 2011 (the age was between 3 and 4 years when the experiment started), applying four driving samples, which consisted of arm detention, speed, overall skills, cardio-respiratory resistance.

Study span was a year and a half; repeated measurements have been made, returning a total of three sets of information on which the investigations have been executed.

In the first phase from October 17 to October 29, 2014, after a preliminary assessment, have been applied some preschool initial evaluation tests, on the groups selected subjects (62 subjects).

Upon the 3-year-old kids, a preliminary assessment was performed by the test of A. De Meur (Albu et al., 1999) aimed at building up a body plot. The tasks were driving some torso movements and body parts, made by imitation (Grosu, 2008).

A preliminary assessment was done in the first stage, by observing the kids and then they were explained to sit side by side on two benches, one after the other. Once all the kids were sitting on the bench, have been indicated the formation of a circle of children and with the educator in the middle of the classroom, holding his hands. After amounting circle, placing children in the line indicated in a row, with a sidearm and reaching fingertips. First settled the educator and then the kids were suggested to sit in that formation.

Next to the children's motor response followed by imitation. The sequence of movements was developed as follows: "in standing in line in a row, arms at the sides, at an interval of about two arm lengths to order and urge examiner in front of the group. Kids may run slowly, performing the following sequence of motions: time 1-2, carrying arms overhead and placing hands on the head, one over another and return with arms along the body; times 3-4, putting hands on hips and back; times 5-6, carrying a sidearm, return; times 7-8, carrying an arm stretched up and down the other side, while comeback" (Prodan, 2016).

Conduct directed reactions were tested by the subsequent elements and performance indicators:

• To perform the verbal command: walking "dwarf", 5-7 steps; Toe-walking, 5 to 7 steps; frog jumping, 3-5 jumps; riding "horses", a few meters. In total 8 points, 2 points for correctly executed sequence

• Easy runs to pass more than 5 obstacles (blocks or frames with a maximum height of 15 cm) located at 0.5 m distance; climb the climbing gym sitting on the bench with one end leaning on a pedestal 1-1.20 m high; by climbing down from the pedestal; throwing a ball the size of rounders' and they roll on the ground, 5-7 m with his right hand and then with his left hand, crawling under four tables. In total 10 points, two each for each sequence correctly executed.

Psychomotor parameters were tested by the following items and performance indicators (Prodan, 2016):

• On one foot standing ("Stork"), then on the other. Before testing children, they were shown maintenance of standing on one leg, the other being raised or bent at the knees, arms raised a side. The timer starts when the foot is lifted off the ground and stops when it returns to standing on both feet

• Walking along one gymnastics bench or on two benches put together, middle turn 360°, lowering jump back through 180°, went back 5-7 steps up to a line on the ground, walking with hands-on eyes 5-7 m, to the right of a predetermined landmark (line, box, pole, etc.), two rolls of squatting in the squat. 18 points, 4 for each sequence correctly executed.

The evaluation criteria and parameters for psychomotor motion behavior were: excellent - 18 points; well, between 10-16 points; satisfactory, between 6-10 points; unsatisfactory - under 6 points.

In this first phase, after the preliminary evaluation was conducted the initial assessment, which consisted of anthropometrical measurements and on motor capacity.

The second phase covered the period from November 3, 2014 to May 15, 2015, when was applied to the experimental group (62 subjects) the established "protocol" with the following objectives: static coordination enhancers, dynamic coordination of hands enhancers, improvers of general dynamic coordination, increment the speed of movements, improving basic motor skills luggage in close correlation with the level of bio-motor development, stimulating attention, memory motive, motivation during construction, incorrect body posture prevention. The objectives were reached through the training program and teaching strategy in two sessions per week (Prodan, 2016).

On the control group (62 subjects) was applied to the traditional teaching program.

In the third phase, from May 18 to May 29, 2015, was applied the transitional testing (granted to the settled protocol) in both groups: experimental and control. Data were recorded from all the subjects.

In the fourth phase, between October 5, 2015, and March 18, 2016, was applied to the experimental group (62 subjects) the established protocol by teaching sports game situations, according to the results achieved in the transitional testing. On the control group (62 subjects) was applied for the classic teaching program.

The fifth phase was between March 21 and April 1, 2016, when the final evaluation was carried out. The potential driving force of both groups of subjects (124 subjects) was measured.

The last phase, between April 4 and April 15, 2016, was provided to process and interpret the data drawn from the experiment.