Features Of Anticipation Consistency Of Deviant School Students With Limited Health Opportunities

Abstract

Adolescence is characterized by poor resistance to difficulties of growth processes that quite often provokes development of deviations. This paper provides the analysis of references on the problem of deviant behaviour and anticipation abilities in teenagers with deficiency dysontogenesis. Teenagers with sensory disorders (hearing and visual impaired) possess the ability to predict that reaches the level of common anticipation consistency. It combines a high personal-situational anticipation consistency and space-time anticipation inconsistency. The common ability to anticipation is not formed in teenagers with speech and locomotor disorders. Consideration of obtained data in psychology-pedagogical support of school students with limited health opportunities will allow to establish a personal focused strategy to prevent deviations. The main research objective is to assess the ability to predict future situations and consequences of personal actions and the actions of others, by teenagers with visual impairment, hearing and speech disabilities, and disorders of locomotor system. As a result, the study of anticipation specificity in teenagers with deficiency development inclined and disinclined to deviant behavior was conducted.

Keywords: Anticipation consistencyforecasting competencedeviant behaviourschool studentlimited health opportunities

Introduction

Manifestations of deviant behaviour are increasingly noted in school teenage students. Harmonious development of the child’s personality is as rare now as the state of complete physical health. Every third school student can enter the risk group due to these characteristics.

The availability of deviations in teenage development increases the risk of the emergence of deviations. The deviant behaviour of teenagers with limited health opportunities is often their reaction to adverse conditions (social or microsocial) in which they find themselves when socially acceptable ways of behaviour have exhausted or have not been created yet (Peresheina, 2016). Estimating deviations as "normal behaviour in abnormal conditions", researchers note that the problem of differentiation of pathological behaviour forms from "normal" is actually complex: criteria to specify deviations and addictions are not always unambiguous (Pinna, Dell'Osso et al, 2015). All these circumstances substantiate the search of compensatory mechanisms, promoting socialization in teenagers with disturbances of development. Knowledge of similar mechanisms is extremely important to determine the areas of work on prevention of deviations and draw up psycho-correctional programs.

It is known that various forms of psycho-social maladaptation and emergence of deviations in the period of adolescent crisis are directly bound to shortcomings in the act of prediction. The study of anticipation consistency contributed sufficiently to the explanation of personal features of deviant teenagers, mechanisms of neurogenesis in children with normal and impaired development (Mendelevich, 2002; Akhmetzyanova, 2013, 2015).

According to ontogenetic regularities, adolescence is considered a sensitive period regarding the development of the ability to anticipate, the ability to foresee the course of events, personal actions and the actions of people around, and to build activity based on adequate probability forecast. Difficulties of adaptation to new social conditions are determined by reasons which causes various deviations, inappropriate educational conditions of teenagers with limited health opportunities (LHO), and the consequence of impaired development itself.

In this regard, one of the urgent issues of corrective psychology is to detect specific features of anticipation and determine its role in the structure of deviations.

Problem Statement

Researches in the field of corrective psychology and pedagogics showed that psychophysical deviations negatively impact the development of the cognitive sphere and interpersonal communication of teenagers, lead to distortion of ideas about surrounding people and interpersonal contacts, to violations of behaviour, and to social and psychological maladaptation. Adolescence is a transition between childhood and maturity; it is often accompanied with decrease in mental stability, control over behaviour, and increase in the level of negative emotions. One of the reasons for the negligence of norms and risky behaviour is the split of development of various neuropsychological systems peculiar to this age. (Vazsonyi, Mikuska & Kelley, 2016; Vazsonyi & Ksinan, 2017).

Sensory impairment and movement disorders can aggravate the adolescent crisis, complicate the choice of profession, predispose the child to different forms of deviant behaviour: aggression, abuse of psychoactive substances. It is shown that corrective work in the sphere of family relations, formation of communicative skills, gender-role behaviour is required to prevent deviations and promote normal socialization of teenagers with special needs (Al-Yagon, 2015).

One of the patterns of mental development of persons with limited health opportunities is the peculiarity of personality development and self-awareness manifested differently in various alternatives of dysontogenesis (Lubovsky). They include: inadequate self-evaluation, increased suggestibility and low criticality, difficulties in regulation of emotions in the form of impulsiveness and affective excitability with tendency to aggression, and insufficiently developed communicative skills leading to fears in contact (Popova, 2013).

These features lead to the formation of various deviations in behaviour. Inadequate self-evaluation causes problems in interpersonal communication and development of addictive behaviour. Increased suggestibility and low criticality, including asocial forms of behaviour, promote involvement in criminal activity. Impulsiveness can provoke aggression; violations in the communicative sphere result in emergence of various phobias.

For example, children with mental development disorder as a result of a high level of suggestibility are especially vulnerable to physical and sexual abuse, and the syndrome of inclination disinhibition causes the formation of sexual deviations. Teenagers with hearing disabilities can be involved in criminal activities in the distribution of psychoactive substances because of communicative limitations.

Hearing-impaired teenagers have stronger disposition to socially-desirable false answers and delinquency behaviour in comparison with well-hearing ones; hostility level (offenses and suspiciousness) is increased, and the level of physical aggression is reduced (Bababroglu, 2016). Decrease in hearing is a risk factor for problems such as, depression and aggressive behaviour in teenagers (Turner et al., 2007; Salhi et al., 2009).

Manifestations of aggression and auto-aggression as a way to achieve desirable results are characteristic of children and teenagers with psychopathy (Bogdanova et al., 2014). Inadequate assessment of one’s self as the subject of professional activity, fixing on movement disturbances, a high level of uneasiness and neuroticism are peculiar to teenagers with cerebral palsy

Popova revealed a complex of features which determines psychological readiness for alcohol intake and emergence of addictive behaviour in persons with limited health opportunities (Popova, 2015). Researches of anticipation in case of deviations and in clinical practice showed that mechanisms to forecast the development of events play an important role during social-psychological adaptation.

The ability to predict and forecast in full and most objectively the development of a disease, to understand the need of staying in specialized institutions, to realize features of interactions with significant adults and peers, and in general one’s own future has a special value for children with limited opportunities. The ability to plan personal actions to avoid risk of physical and mental injuries becomes important too (Ziber, Uzdenov, 2013).

Psychology studies the phenomenon of anticipation applying various approaches. Based on the synthesis of diverse definitions, it is possible to identify the following characteristic traits of anticipation: pertaining to different levels of life (psychophysiological approach), functioning within the frames of cognitive sphere (structural-level approach), specificity in the conditions of dysontogenesis (clinical approach), coherence with the structure of activity (activity approach), and natural conditioning (genetic approach).

At the moment, anticipation consistency is researched by Mendelevich in connection with neurotic frustrations and neurosis-like mental states, by Feygenberg in case of schizophrenia, by Uzelevskaya - in regard to personal frustration, by Demakina - in case of osteochondrosis, by Skidanenko - in regard to epilepsy (Sumina, 2007). Mendelevich showed that the specificity of anticipation in persons with neurotic frustrations is expressed in the tendency to predict favourable outcomes of events and phenomena. As a result, the decrease in the ability to predict and high susceptibility to the surrounding reality in the form of strengthening a negative reaction is observed (Mendelevich, 1996). Demakina states that a low level of anticipation is characteristic for persons suffering from cervical or lumbar intervertebral discs disorders (osteochondrosis) (Demakina, 2004). Examining persons with schizophrenia, Feygenberg found out that the key factor of unsuccessful anticipation activity is the disorder of prediction structure (impossibility to use adequately previous experience to create further forecast) (Feygenberg, 1973).

Uzelevskaya identified specific features of anticipation in persons with different forms of personal frustrations. Thus, people with hysterical type of personalities ignore former failures in their forecasts; therefore, they are guided (count on) only by positive outcome of events. On the contrary, paranoiac types of personality due to a high level of anxiety and distrustfulness tend to predict only adverse succession of events (Uzelevskaya, 2002).

Disabled teenagers with disorders of the locomotor system show higher anticipation inconsistency, than their healthy peers. Difficulties in anticipation of events and decision making with priming of time, dominance of inadequate types of probability prediction - "mono-variant" and "poly-variant" are characteristic for them (Goncharova, 2003). The concept of anticipation consistency turned out to be productive when features of personality structure of teenagers with behavioural deviations were studied (Mendelevich, 2002).

Theoretical analysis of the elaboration of anticipation in norm and pathology can draw a conclusion that prediction has adaptive – maladaptive character, in case of intellectual or mental inconsistency anticipation inconsistency is observed. However, there are insufficient psychological researches in which features of prediction in people with physical disorders are studied. Despite the number of researches of anticipation ability in adolescence, its specificity is not investigated in persons with visual impairment, hearing and speech disabilities, and disorders of locomotor system. It is necessary to find out whether teenagers inclined to deviant behaviour in conditions of dysontogenesis have the same features of anticipation that are inherent in their peers without psychophysical disorders.

Research Questions

The key problem of this research is to assess the ability to predict future situations and consequences of personal actions and the actions of others, by teenagers with visual impairment, hearing and speech disabilities, and disorders of locomotor system; that will allow to expand representations on age-specific personality features of school students with limited health opportunities. The study of anticipation specificity in teenagers with deficiency development inclined and disinclined to deviant behaviour is supposed.

Purpose of the Study

The goal of this research is to study features of anticipation consistency in teenagers with deficiency dysontogenesis inclined and disinclined to deviant behaviour, and to identify the availability and nature of interrelation between these indices.

Research Methods

The following techniques were applied for diagnostic purposes:

Findings

Conclusion

Summing up the research results of anticipation ability in teenagers with LHO inclined and indisposed to deviant behaviour, it is possible to draw the following conclusions:

• Though the share of teenagers with limited opportunities and disposed to deviant behaviour is large (41%), more than a half of them (59%) do not show such inclination.

• The level of common anticipation ability in all teenagers with deficiency dysontegenesis is higher than norm; this can be identified as anticipation consistency.

• Teenagers with limited health opportunities disposed to deviations have authentically lower anticipation ability than those indisposed to deviant behaviour.

• Teenagers with limited health opportunities disposed to deviations significantly fall behind peers displaying no inclination to deviations according to the only index of anticipation consistency – personal-situational. Space and time anticipation consistency in two groups of teenagers with LHO does not differ noticeably.

Thus, representations that all teenagers with LHO enter the risk group of deviations emergence is not confirmed.

Acknowledgments

The work is performed according to the Russian Government Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University.

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