Contributions In Leading Scientific Training Swimming
Abstract
In specialty literature, the aspects of the effects of training stimuli on the athlete are analyzed from interdisciplinary perspectives. Thus, they are emphasized by several researchers from the psychologically and medical view point, having monitored the biochemical indexes during or right after the specific effort was done. The training of the performance swimmers requires the answers' finding regarding the effortfatigue-stress variables conducting that are necessary in order to optimize the sportive performance and implicitly, the sportive longevity increasing. The purpose of the research is to identify the concrete ways of the methodological conducting of the swimming individualized training based on determining the relation between effort-fatigue-stress, by determining the psychological profile regarding the stress reactions and by determining the individual variables of some biochemical and hormonal parameters, in order to optimize the performance capacity. We assumed that the obtained information related to the psychological profile of the performance swimmers can represent objective marks in the training methodological controlling. During this research we used the following methods: the survey method for finding the competition stress (SCAT), the felt stress level, PSS, the competition anxiety level; biochemical analysis.
Keywords: Swimmingperformanceeffort parameters
Introduction
In specialty literature, the aspects of the effects of training stimuli on the athlete are analyzed from
interdisciplinary perspectives. Thus, they are emphasized by several researchers from the psychologically
and medical view point, having monitored the biochemical indexes during or right after the specific effort
was done: Anshel M.H. (2001); Ker J. H., Wilson G. V., Svebak S., şi colab. (2006, p. 1557–1567);
Verma J.P, Bhukar J. P., Sanjeev Kumar (2011); Allen M. S., Jones M., Paul J., şi colab. (2013, p. 697-
706); Nashua Whdan (2014, p.143-148); Carrasco L., Villaverde C. Oltras C.M., (2007, pg. 239-244);
Angelini F., Buonocore D., Sara Rucci, Stesina G., şi colab. (2011, p. 34); Bbebetsos E., Antoniou P.
(2012, pg.107-110); Soriaa M., González-Haroa C., Ansóna M., (2015, pg.113-119).
The specific stress of the effort, the psychological, physiological and motor parameters analysis
were investigated by the following researchers: Boroş-Balin I., (2009) Mellalieu S. D., Neil R., şi colab.,
(2009, pg. 729-744) Macovei S., Lambu E. A., Toniţa F. 2011, pg. 65-70).
The training of the performance swimmers requires the answers' finding regarding the effort-
fatigue-stress variables conducting that are necessary in order to optimize the sportive performance and
implicitly, the sportive longevity increasing.
the swimming individualized training based on determining the relation between effort-fatigue-stress, by
determining the psychological profile regarding the stress reactions and by determining the individual
variables of some biochemical and hormonal parameters, in order to optimize the performance capacity.
At the beginning of this research we stated the following questions?
1. Does the training and competition effort determine the stress?
2. How can we determine and measure the stress or self-stress level that can influence the sportive
performance?
3. What methodological guidelines can be adopted in order to balance the effort-fatigue relation
and avoid the distress appearance?
Research hypothesis
1. We assume that the obtained information related to the psychological profile of the performance
swimmers can represent objective marks in the training methodological controlling.
2. The values' variables of some biochemical and hormonal parameters in different training stages
reveal the stress profile provided by training stimuli for each performance swimmer and their values can
determine adequate rehabilitation procedures.
Content, Methodology
During this research we used the following methods: the survey method for finding the competition
stress, Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), the felt stress level, PSS (Cohen - Williamson
questionair), the competition anxiety level; biochemical analysis made at the National Institute for Sports
Medicine and at the Sante Clinic laboratories from Pitesti and Deva.
The pilot experiment was done as case study for the cadets and juniors performance swimmers of the
"Viitorul" Sportive Programme High School. The blood and urine samples for the biochemical analysis
were collected in four trials, in different training periods, in order to have a proper understanding of the
way that the body reacts to different adaptation periods, in training and competition, for this age of the
swimmers. The biochemical and hormonal analysis were focused on determining the following
parameters: CBC, Blood sugar, Cholesterol; ESR; Catecholamines; Cortisol, Prolactin.
Results, Discussions
The Analysis and Interpretation of the Psychological Tests
a) The analysis and interpretation of the results for P.S.S. questionnaire - The ranking of the felt
stress
For M.R. swimmer, the questionnaire was applied on 25.09.2015. The swimmer was before the
training period, after one month holiday. At the end of the answers, the score of the swimmer was 18
points. Because the scores around number 13 are considered as middle stress values, the swimmers is
framed having a score that is close to the high stress, without overcoming the 20 points level.
On 17.12.2015, at maximum 1 hour after finishing the 100 m backstroke in the frame of Cadets
National Championships, the same questionnaire was applied again, the obtained score being 22 points
which indicates a high level of stress.
b). The analysis and interpretation of the Cohen-Williamson questionnaire
The evaluation instrument was used at the same dates as previous one. We found that the subject
recorded at the first evaluation a 30 point score which indicates that, at the beginning of the training he
has a stress level that its 5 points higher than the minimum score, but bellow the stress high level score.
At the second evaluation we found that the swimmer recorded a score of 41 points, a score that is over the
values of the questionnaire that was applied at the beginning of the training period. The 41 points value
indicates that the stress level that was felt by the swimmer is increasing during the previous month of the
competition.
c). The analysis and interpretation of the results from the competition anxiety questionnaire.
This type of questionnaire has been applied only on the 17.12.2015 and the recorded athlete scores
for the 3 types of the measured anxiety, point out that the athlete M.R. makes a high anxiety score for
self confidence, which means that the athlete doesn't trust himself, and he undermines his value. The
cognitive anxiety is the second weak point of the athlete, with 8 points. The somatic anxiety is the least
affected in the competition.
d)The analysis and interpretation of the Anxiety test Sport Competition (SCAT)
The evaluation instrument has been used only after the competition, after an hour, and the
athlete's results are shown in the table.
We notice that the subject shows a medium level of anxiety after the race.
The Analysis and Interpretation of the Biochemical Analysis Results
The analysis and interpretation of the biochemical parameters values regarding the physical effort
impact over the functional state of the body for the swimmer M.R., has been realized for each determined parameter
a) During breaks the leucocytes have normal values, but after effort, they present increased values
(from 6.7 to 9.9), after the race effort, the number of lymphocytes increases to 14.7, over the maximum
normal values by 0.2.
b)the neutrophils have normal values during breaks, but after physical effort, the values drop.
During the race, both before and after the physical effort, it can be noticed values under the normal limits (35.5, the minimum value being 40)
c) During breaks the eosinophils have normal limits values, higher before the competition effort,
but with dropping values after the competition effort.
d) the basophiles have normal values before the physical effort, but after it they present
insignificant increases, being higher after the competition effort. (0.8 to 1.2)
e) the lymphocyte have values in normal limits before the effort and an insignificant rise after the
physical effort.
f) the monocyte have values in the normal limit, before the effort, but also after the physical effort is
finished, the highest rising being recorded after the competition effort (7.3), but it remains between the
normal parameters.
g) The red blood cells have normal values in the basal effort, but in the previous week of the race,
they show high levels over the normal values, both before (5.68), but also after the effort, with a rise until 6.68. During the race, they have normal values before the effort and over the normal limits by 0.24 , after the effort finishes.
h) The haemoglobin level during breaks records values at the highest level of the normal limit, but
after the physical effort, a rise can be seen for the biochemical value, the highest being recorded after the physical effort during the race (16.0).
i) The haematocryt values show in the basal effort high values in the normal limit with high levels
after the physical effort by 48.5 over the normal limit.
j) The biochemical values MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW show values at the low level of the
normal limit, both before and after the physical effort.
k) The platelet show values between the normal limits, both before and after the physical effort, by
showing insignificant rises after the competition effort. The medium volume (MPV), shows values in the
low level of the normal values, with insignificant rises after the physical effort.
l) PCT shows values in the normal limit both before and after the physical effort, with insignificant
rises after the effort.
m) PDW shows values in the normal mediums both before and after the physical effort, a rise in the
normal limits happening after the competition physical effort.
n) The neutrophiles values can be noticed in this swimmer case in some normal limits, with a little
rise after the physical effort from the race, but between normal limits.
o) the eosinophils don't show significant rises after the physical effort in relation to the recorded
values before bazal.
p) the lymfocites have normal values, with rises after the physical effort. For athlete M.R. it can be
shown some significant rises and surpass of the normal limit, after the physical effort from the race, with values up to 0.89.
r. the values of the basophiles show values between normal limits with insignificant rises after the
physical effort.
s. the ESR shows values between normal limits, which aren't influenced by the physical effort.
The Analysis and Interpretation of the Hormonal Results
1)epinephrine shows values between normal limits (< 0.50 nmol/l), no matter what is the time
when the blood testing has been taken or if physical effort was done; 2) norepinephrine shows values
over the medium after physical effort with a more significant rise after the physical effort from the race
(11.75 over the maximum normal value); 3) dopamine shows values of < 0.50 under the reference
biological level, no matter the blood testing time and the state of the body. 4) the prolactin values show
rises after the physical effort, rising after the competition effort, over the maximum normal limit; 5) the
cortisol shows values between the normal limits with a rise over the 4 o 'clock P.M. ones, after the race
effort; 6) the blood pressure level before the physical effort and after, it is placed between normal values
and after the physical effort, it records rises which go over the normal limits, reaching to 129 after the
competition effort; 7) the total cholesterol values show normal values limits with rises after physical
effort.
Conclusions
The results of this research underline that the training effort for swimming causes a psychological
and physical stress, causes the discharge of the nor epinephrine from the pituitary.
The results show that the physical effort generates increases of the medium level of prolactin and
after the psychological stress in the race, it reaches values beyond those registered after the physical effort
from the training. The competition determines the cortisol discharge after the physical effort and because
of the psychological stress. The neutrophils drop under the previous normal medium values for the
physical exercise.
The rise of the lymphocytes number is done by the physical effort, by raising the nervous system,
as also by the emission of catecholamine.
The physical exercise from the training and from the competition, associated with the
psychological stress from the competition, produces to the body, for the trained swimmers, biochemical
and hormonal changes, and also has an influence in the performance capacity.
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Cite this article as:
Mihailescu, L., & Nicoleta, G. (. (2017). Contributions In Leading Scientific Training Swimming. In E. Soare, & C. Langa (Eds.), Education Facing Contemporary World Issues, vol 23. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 1477-1483). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.05.02.181