Abstract
In actual stage of the mankind, the concept of the lifelong learning is a reality of the knowledge based society because this satisfies the new needs for its complex dynamics of evolution, of transformation, of development, etc. In this framework, almost all the crafts, jobs, professions, business, social services, etc. are continuously adapting to the demands of the new human society based on “computer”. By the “computer” we understand all the things and human activities which are made by /or with a computer, starting with the human common communications, through e-mail, Skype, WhatsApp, etc., till the sophistical artificial intelligences which helps mankind: to do better the things, to understand in the same time the “big” and the “little” Universe through learning. In this frame of the need of learning, it seems that the blended learning is gaining ground like a new educational paradigm which fulfils this need. Starting from a recent experience linked with a designed activity based on the blended learning technologies for reformulating a training plan of lifelong learning, which is supposed to give the school manager's competencies, dedicated for the teachers from the pre-universitary education system, if they will want to candidate at this position, this work is dedicated to some reflections about what is and what will become higher education in framework of the blended learning paradigm.
Keywords: Blended LearningEducational trainingContinuous trainingLifelong learningE learning
Introduction
The Knowledge-based Society (KBS) naturally brought a new reformulation or a re-
conceptualisation of education, which basically means that the formal education is going to adaptation to
this “new society”. In those countries where KBS had an evolution based on the support of a real
development and implementation of the informational society (IS), the formal education, in general, the
educational system, in particular, have been adjusted, connected, harmonised with the requirements, the
needs and the new forms of the information and communication technology (ICT).
Any trainer/teacher/educator, at any level of the formal education or any other type of education,
in order to be able to apply and use a new educational technology, e.g. type ICT, he had learn first so he
can understand and apply accurately these in the educational environment for a concrete reality, i.e. for
his students. In this context, even us want to learn in order to do better our activities of teaching in the
class or in the front of the computer, for the students. In other words, we want to understand how a
child/student/adult must be educated by using newest pedagogical method which is blended learning
(BL).
So, first we have to understand what is that new education technology BL. Following a desk
research of literature to be honest not deep enough like in Güzer & Caner (2014) or Fish & Snodgrass (a,
2015), we found a first approach of the concept of BL. It is a very well explained approach in the context
of the conversation theory, within the researches from the University of Salford, (Heinz & Procter, 2004),
in which the learning "is facilitated by the effective combination of different modes of delivery, models of
teaching and styles of learning, and founded on transparent communication amongst all parties involved
with a course.” In fact, Heinz (2008) goes deeper with the research in the BL conceptualisation within the
pedagogy, the teaching and learning theories etc. Heinz, starting from the unanimous accepted definition
that “blended learning is the delivery of teaching/learning through the combination of online and face-to-
face interaction resulting in improved student learning”, reaches its next reformulation: “blended e-
learning refers to the learning which takes place through a combination of face-to-face facilitated
learning, e-learning and self-study”. Moreover, it can be said that the results of research from the
University of Salford in the direction of BL are valuable and have led to many applications in various
fields of activity (Heinz & Procter, 2010). Obviously, this definition is based on the concept of e-
Learning, which is one of the "older" concepts of the education on/ or with a computer.
If we assume that “e-Learning is learning utilizing electronic technologies to access educational
curriculum outside of a traditional classroom, and in most cases, it refers to a course, program or degree
delivered completely online” (para. 1), then we are in the non-formal domain of education . In the formal
education the e-Learning concept is not quite unanimously defined yet. “The origins of the term e-
Learning is not certain, although it is suggested that the term most likely originated during the 1980’s,
within the similar time frame of another delivery mode online learning. While some authors explicitly
define e-Learning, others imply a specific definition or view of e-Learning in their article. These
definitions materialize, some through conflicting views of other definitions, and some just by simply
comparing defining characteristics with other existing terms.” (Moore, Dickson-Dean & Galyen, 2011).
In the landscape of the Romanian pedagogy, e-Learning is defined, in broad sense, as “all learning
situations in which use significant resources information technology and communication” or, in a narrow
sense, as “a type of distance education, the experience planned for teaching-learning organized by an
institution that provides mediated materials in a sequential order and logic to be assimilated by students in
their own way.” (para. 2). Not the last, e-learning is linked to distance learning, which is another complex
sort of education.
So many issues still remain unresolved in this case, especially those things related to education at
university level in the first place. We think and believe that a simplistic approach of blended learning
technologies by some universities only for sake of the facilitates of the cost reductions and economical
benefits, through a reducing to the maximum of all teaching activities in the face-to-face mode, either in
class or online, is a great mistake. Moreover, if at the internationally academic level, there are still great
confusions of terminology concern BL “philosophy”, then we need to think seriously on responses to the
following questions: “What education shouldn’t be?” and “Does it do that well?” (van de Werfhost,
2014). Last but not least, in the process of globalization we have to analyse everything we've done so far
and compare with objectives stated and assumed by some that govern education at the international level
(ONU, UNESCO, ICED, etc.), to see if the strategies already implemented till now have led to their
achievement and, consequently, decreased or resolved, at least in part, "the world crisis in education"
(Coombs, 1968, 1985).
The research for the applications of the BL technologies in the educational system have revealed
the complexity of this new form of education, and, in plus, put in evidence that the role of the trainer is
not lost, on the contrary, it increases. The relationships between teacher-student, student-student,
knowledge-teacher-student, etc. must be redefined in the virtual environment. All these relationships will
be beyond human nature in a such new educational environment? ... “After all, what do we know about
cultural perceptions about online education now?” (Fish & Snodgrass, b, 2015). But, what do we know
about effects of the blended learning in the future?
Internet-based Scholar Context
Ever since the school was considered a state institution, it was designed as an optimal environment
of learning for the students such that they are forming to become “useful” citizens for the society. In time,
however, this institution, by its curriculum and its theories of instruction, fulfils more and more less its
primordial mission, and, today, it is actually felt by its students who accuse it, among other things, of a
de-contextualisation of the learning that is “pushing” them in a rift between “the reality that they learn”
and “the reality of the real world” in which they live.
Therefore, today, the main challenge for the formal education is re-contextualisation of learning,
and the return of its educational institutions in the community for solving the requirements which this
asks for, i.e. in everyday reality of life. Students must feel that what they learn is in fact the reality in
which they live and to embrace knowledge, as purpose of education. Within this paper, we have no
intention to approach the theories about non-formal or informal learning, promoted more or less, by
certain political and economical interest centres, like the best solutions for the “world education crisis”.
We might do that some other time, maybe. It is certain that the loyal supporters of the formal school went
from purely pedagogical arguments to a reformulation and adaptation of learning in the context of new
computerised technology of our society based on knowledge. And this is very good!
From our point of view, the essential novelty of the current world education is the “higher speed”
with which the informations is propagated amongst all the members of the human society, i.e. children,
young and adults people from everywhere. If the Gutenburg’s printing house represented a crucial
moment in the development of circulation and spreading of the information from the all kind domains,
cultural, scientific, political, economical, etc., than the internet brought a new revolution for the
circulation of information with such effects and implications that we can not be able to quantify yet them
for the upcoming development of the human society on a planetary scale. In that context, the educational
system realized that it must adapt its mission to these requirements. So, one of the challenges for the
formal education system is to adapt to the new trends of the real life, to unfold the knowledge in the new
learning methods, techniques, strategies, etc., and to approach other forms of perception, construction for
the teaching knowledge, especially with the help of educational computerized systems. By computerized
systems we understand not only the computer, whether as a “window” to communication, by e-mail, net,
I-phone, as well as the virtual libraries, but also the learning platforms, web-learning, etc. and other
educational applications which support the students to obtain the competences to learn to do, to know and
to become human being.
One of the examples of the adaptation of the education system at the real world is the distance
education, which has a long history spread on almost two centuries. It was started with basic
correspondence through postal service to the wide variety of tools available through the Internet, and now
it is also called the Web-based learning. From this point of view, the learning technology for these kind of
education and its associated fields continue to evolve, practitioners and researchers have yet to agree on
common definitions and terminologies (Moore, Dickson-Dean & Galyen, 2011). What are the principles
benefits of the distance learning based on the online didactic communication? First of all, the costs for the
students’ transport from the their homes to the school is not necessary, and all other necessary costs for
the school building and its suppliants are zero. So remain only the costs for the trainers and for their work
online with the students, and for the maintenance of the e-Learning platforms and the network, which are
the proprieties of a certain educational unit.
Blended Learning “Face-to-Face” with the Education from the Kindergarten Till the Universities?
Today, within the educational activities, ever since nursery, they use multimedia type presentations.
Those should ensure, by complementaries and integration in the teaching-learning-evaluation processes,
the development of the whole personality for the student, while facilitating workloads targeting group
activity and require collaboration and cooperation, providing authentic learning contexts, from the real
world, easy to simulate even in the classical context of a class of students. But the most important change
in the learning context (the contents) for the student is moving from the artificial, unreal environment
(virtual), to the real world environment through new information technologies.
In fact, the skills we expect the student to acquire must ensure its socio-professional integration, even
if he gets a job in the IT field. One cannot be a good IT person if one does not know the reality for which
you create software that should resolve, optimize and govern the specific process. Without a correct
knowledge of a process, whatever area of the human activity it belongs to, one cannot develop an expert
informational system. However, that is another major issue for of the educational system, that we do not
intend to discuss within this paper. If the printing paradigm imposed only alphabetization in the sense of
reading and writing in the native language, in a worldwide circulation language or in mathematics
language (these are the main pillars of every international programs for the evaluation of educational
systems), the internet paradigm imposes a new alphabetization adequate to the new technologies for the
information processing and communication (ICT). It is a must to be familiarized with the educational
environment connected to ICT and that imposes a broader meaning to the alphabetization concept. One
might find an urgent need for a new form of alphabetization based on ICT that includes three homologous
components to the classical ones, which are Reading, Writing and Numeracy. So, the new “Reading”
implies the capacity to look for and find information by investigating different written sources, by
observation, experiment and data gathering. It implies proficiency in the use of search engines, in
utilizing search functions and selection of information made available by new information technologies
and communication. The internet offers a huge quantity of information, but, unlike a library, does not
have a catalogue and we cannot be certain the information we discover are correct. In order to publish a
book that will end up in a library afterwards, it is necessary to be read by another three to four people,
editors, reviewers, publishers, beside its author. The information posted on internet is not endorsed by any
reviewer’s commission. The information exists, it is important to know how to look it up and how to
appreciate its relevancy and authenticity.
The new “Writing” implies the capacity to communicate in hypermedia evolving all the information
types and resources. The ability to utilize an e-mail account (electronic post), to communicate virtually
through instant messaging type Irc, to post a subject in a forum, to continue or propose a blog (electronic
diary), all of these represent tangible “writing” methods in hypermedia. The new "Numeracy" implies the
ability to design and make various objects and actions in cyberspace. It is a superior skill related to the
ability to utilize software resources that enable the possibility to virtual modelling of objects or
phenomena in order to make them more accessible for students. There are software programs that
simulate phenomena and physics laws, thermodynamics or chemistry laws, some being used successfully
in schools through programs from the Ministry of Education (de example: AEL).
In consequence, we are obliged to rebuild drastically the educational contents and the didactical
strategies to meet the challenge of new alphabetization. New literacy alters our way of relating to reality.
It obliges us to search for new ways to understand and represent reality. The formal school is obligated to
commit all these new tasks and to take them to be solved in the KBW context, but it should provide a
high quality of education, ensuring the reduction of social inequalities, eliminating the discriminations,
etc. (Duru-Bell, 2004).
Any child or student, whether he/she will become a student at an university or he/she will follow a
vocational path, he/she must have a job, and his/her employing institution will put again him/her to learn
and, of course, using a computer in an undoubted way. So, he/she must have ICT competencies. After all,
the continuum learning/lifelong learning/etc. at the work place so the “workers” become better at there
jobs are not a new thing on the Earth! But the computer brought the possibilities to “save” the money,
time, distances, etc. for the companies, for the state, etc. It is only one aspect amongst other sides of the
new world. Indeed, today we speak about optimization, cost effectiveness, competitiveness, quality, etc.
for almost all human activities, even for the child's “education”. It is good? It will be better? It will be
worth? Who knows?
After all, What is Blended Learning?
At this question there are many answers and these are not a bit satisfactory for all researchers in
“charge” today. But, we think that all come via corporative policies as IBM and other like it. So, from this
point of view, the blended learning solutions are a great way to initiate an organization into “e-learning
manufacture of best employees involved in its business” (Driscoll, 2002), and this is accomplished by: “to
combine or mix modes of web-based technology (e.g., live virtual classroom, self-paced instruction,
collaborative learning, streaming video, audio, and text) to accomplish an educational goal; to combine
various pedagogical approaches (e.g., constructivism, behaviourism, cognitivism) to produce an optimal
learning outcome with or without instructional technology; to combine any form of instructional
technology (e.g., videotape, CD-ROM, web-based training, film) with face-to-face instructor-led training;
to mix or combine instructional technology with actual job tasks in order to create a harmonious effect of
learning and working.” In short, the companies will do everything to obtain an optimal for the company
itself and its customers, with the employees which are trained in a short time and with minimum financial
resources.
For the university level these things are not so quite easy to do (Hamilton & Friesen, 2013; Poon,
2013). Even if we accept that BL is a “convergence of face-to-face settings, which are characterized by
synchronous and human interaction, with ICT based settings, which are asynchronous, text based, and
involve humans operating independently” (Graham, 2006) or it is "the thoughtful fusion of face-to-face
and online learning experiences" (Garrison & Vaughan, 2008), we should not stop only at this idea about
BL. Because BL “should not simply be considered in terms of delivery and technology”, “it must be as
much about varying learning methodology as it is about training delivery”, and the “technology should be
considered merely as a means to facilitate student learning” (Sloman, 2007). In short, the BL is a complex
combination of two conceptual fields, i.e education field and technology field. These fields have each one
its dynamics, but they are interdependent: through the education we obtain new technology, and through
new technology we develop the knowledge, so the education. From this point of view, the pedagogical
triangle, knowledge-teacher-student must be reformulated. It may be necessary to introduce the ICT
technology like a bridge between the triangle tops. Both the teacher and the student use of ICT
technologies. The teacher uses these technologies to design the student's learning activities, according to
the curriculum, the student uses ICT technology to learn, to self-assessment, and to communicate with his
teacher for telling him about his learning acquisitions and his future needs of learning. In fact, in the
context of the blended learning theory and reformulating, it is very important to reformulate the teacher's
role because he is the one which assumes the design of all learning activities for the student, and also he
assesses the student's achievements. (Hamilton & Friesen, 2013; Friesen, 2012; Kahan, 2012; Bonk &
Graham, 2005).
A Short Story about an our Blended Learning Experience
The Muntenia Continuous Training Department (DFCM) from the University of Pitesti has an
important experience in organizing training for the didactic personnel from the pre-university education
system in many directions required by its needs. About this experience and about the achievements of this
department we wrote before (Nicolescu & Macarie, 2013; Nicolescu, Macarie & Petrescu, 2015). During
a several academic years (2016-2015), the continuum training program for manager skills competencies
for the teachers from the pre-university education system, which are going to accede to the position of
manager of a school or the school inspectorate, has been organized online. That program was a real
success for DFCM, recognised by its graduates, as well as by scholar inspectorates and by National
Education Ministry (NEM). If we had to characterize briefly the organization type of that continuing
education program for adults, then the best choice would be by “the brick�and�mortar class” which has
spread over all the country, and it has been supervised by the “building engineers” (the trainer), which
was placed far away from it. In this online environment learning, we were able to apply all Khan’s
dimensions of the orthogonal framework for the design of a blended learning (Singh, 2003): institutional,
pedagogical, technological, interface design, evaluation, management, resource support, and ethical. And
do not forget that we thought that we did only an online continuum program for the adults, in particular,
for the teachers,and we did not know that,in fact, we were doing a blended learning program for them!
Since 2015-2016 academic year, the NEM imposed us to organize these continuum training
programs in blending learning system. What did it bring new for us? A few things: the continuum
program for the teachers must be shorter and must contain two or three hours of “face-to-face”, and in
rest, the students ought to learn on the e-platform, where they could find the course supports, the tests for
the self-evaluation and the guide books for the elaboration of the portfolio or project. The final evaluation
of the students remains the same: a dissertation on the school management, that contained a punctual
application for a specific situation in which the author really works as teacher.
In the two ways of organization for this continuous training course, we find the following common
aspects:
1.For the trainers the advantages appear once the content of the taught discipline is finalized, once the
course support is uploaded on the online platform, with the content of applications, exercises, tests or
homework and portfolios required. Each trainer can communicate directly, audio and video, with
each student or with their group at specific times presented in the course schedule. Also, he can
comment on each homework seeing its written support, which can also be viewed by each trainee,
who received it previously. The trainers can verify the homework given to the trainees, the time they
spent on it, the number of time one accessed the platform, the way they evolve in time.
2.The students formed their own study/learning group where they worked together and defined their
needs for the next online meeting with the teacher.
3.For the continuous training program type Blended Learning administrator the online platform
represents the amount of information regarding the quantity and the quality of didactic activities, or
concerning the evolution of the trainees. That information is useful in order to attain the objectives of
the training program and that is to obtain by all the trainees of the necessary skills imposed by the
accreditation of that program.
4.For the network administrator, who controls the whole program and has total access to all the
activities from the online platform, all the information and findings are useful in order to ensure a
safe and secure functioning of the program.
What were the differences between the two ways:
1.If in the online system, the students had to come to the
course to present their dissertation, in the second mode, the BL mode, they had to be present twice,
first for the face-to-face activity, at Pitesti, and second at the end of the program. Because the people
from the Ministry could not understand that the face-to-face activity could also be done on Skype, the
costs for the students raised.
2.The number of hours for the interaction with the teacher online were drastically reduced in favour of
the e-platform learning ones, that is the individual learning hours for the students. The students
noticed that. This observation is correct. The trainees, teachers with experience in their own specific
didactical activities, cannot understand so easily concepts of systemic dynamic management,
accountancy and educational unit government concepts, etc. So, it is not easy to learn by your self
using e-platform no matter how well the courses are structured and how much information one can
find on internet about one subject.
The quality of a post-university program must be ensured from the designing stage. In particular
the quality of a management training program for education is ensured when the program curriculum is
designed, by knowing the management general rules, the functions and the role of an organization
manager. The study disciplines, the number of hours in the “face to “face” system and the numbers of
hours spent on the online platform must be balanced, in order to gain maximum training efficiency, with a
minimum of travelling for the trainees, to reduce expenses necessary for their training. That combination
of opposed requirements is difficult to solve, because there is no certain method for it. What is to be done
to attain maximum efficiency in obtaining real skills by trainees at the end of an educational management
program? The answer is not easy to find or indicate, but we will give you a few certain directions to
achieve that. The trainer has a huge responsibility when designing and conceiving a course support that is
to be sent to trainees. The trainer must know the accredited training plan, what skills should be obtained
by a trainee enrolled in the program and think by which the trainee can complete or obtain one or more of
the necessary skills by going through the course support and its applications.
Knowing all that and having the accreditation for training adults on online platforms as well, the
trainer will know exactly what to do when designing the best course support in order to attain the wanted
goal. Without such information and accreditations, a trainer cannot obtain maximum efficiency in the
program activities. Furthermore an efficient trainer must show a lot of availability and empathy to its
trainees, considering their professional and personal responsibilities. A huge responsibility has the
program administrator too, as he is the person who designs and conceives the training program. One
accredited, the training program must be followed up, step by step, in order to intervene efficiently if
“non-conformities” appear. How “non-conformities” could appear?
They show up due to unintentional mistakes on behalf of the trainers, or due to unintentional or
intentional mistakes on behalf of the trainees. When the program administrator observes such “non-
conformities”, he must intervene firmly to solve them eliminating its causes, through individual or group
discussions. A certain method to reduce or eliminate “non-conformities” is to discuss informally, either
face-to-face or on the online platform, with the trainers as well as with the trainees, throughout the whole
program. The final evaluation questions set for the training program, given to the trainees helps the
program administrator to correct eventual “non-conformities” noticed by the trainees.
What are We to Conclude?
Generally valid conclusions are difficult to have. But, form our experience we have learned
something. This shows us that when those who have the power to govern, on an unclear and woolly law,
the national education system, they can confuse things already done well in system.
Under the umbrella of new ideas coming through UE directives, with direct reference to the
Bologna Convention for education, in Romania was adopted the new National Education Law (law
1/2011). This law wanted to align the education levels from Romania with the European standards.
Intentions were good, but these were written in a disastrous juridical language. The Law1/2011 introduces
considerable confusions between licentiate/masters/doctoral levels and the initial university
education/continuum education/adult education/lifelong education/adult education levels. In this chaotic
context, it is no wonder that in Romania who endorse or accredit the continuum training plans cannot
understand the concept of the face-to-face activities, and more, the BL concept. They make grave
confusion between the educational management and the management of an educational unit. In other
words, at the high level of management of the national educational system there is confusion between a
teacher face to a class and a school manager, who may be a teacher.
Regarding blended learning paradigm, we think that there are many things on which we must
reflect and examine them. Obvious, the human nature has not changed, only the man's knowledge
evolved and will evolve through education. It is less important if we design his learning by mixing it with
pictures/books/maps/computer/etc., as long the man will be able to learn for knowing and understanding
the world in which he lives, together many others like him, on a little planet, which is "immersed" in an
infinite universe. Among "the laws of the world" there are found, transcribed in mathematical language,
for example, Pythagoras’ theorem and Kolmogormov’s backward equation. If we can learn the first law
on a site, i.e. in the blending learning style, for the second law is so hard to learn in such way. Learning
problem is actually mixed in a strange way. We ask some rhetorical questions: The formal education must
be interesting only by the needs of a company/business which is in top for now? The curriculum for the
formal education must eliminates all the knowledge about the basic laws of the world because such kind
of needs? If the answer is “yes”, than it can be arranged, because it is possible by “twisting the virtual
world on the computer in the global internet network”. But what is the gain? Only money and success
today for some of us? But tomorrow? How many people will be able to do scientific research work
around the future world? Only a few? How many? For whom will they be working?
These are only some questions. If the student does not learn Pythagoras theorem in the classroom
from his mathematics teacher and he still wants to learn it, than the teacher does not know his student and
his needs for to learn. This is a very important and serious problem for the formal education. This thing
should not be happening any more, because tomorrow there will not be a future for all of us. After all, the
school exists for the students and their future.
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23
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-
Edition Number
1st Edition
Pages
1-2032
Subjects
Educational strategies, educational policy, organization of education, management of education, teacher, teacher training
Cite this article as:
Nicolescu, B. N., Macarie, T., & Petrescu, T. C. (2017). Is Blended Learning A New Way To An Optimal Adult Education?. In E. Soare, & C. Langa (Eds.), Education Facing Contemporary World Issues, vol 23. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 1380-1389). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.05.02.169