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 A System-Theoretic Model of Threat and Error Management in Flight Instruction

Table 1:

Control Action CA causes hazard Lack of CA causes hazard CA too early/ too late/ wrong sequence causes hazard CA too long or too short causes hazard
Flight Instructor
Monitoring the flight operation Distraction, focusing too much on irrelevant aspects Does not seek information and feedback Monitors too infrequently, or too late Does not monitor all the required sources of information; monitors too short;
Communication with the trainee Commands an inadequate control action Does not provide required verbal instructions Provides instructions too late Provides too short verbal instructions; Talks too much and distracts the trainee
Direct control inputs Provides conflicting or uncoordinated control inputs Does not take over the control Provides control inputs too late; Takes over the control too late Provides too short or too long control inputs
Trainee
Monitoring the flight operation Distraction, focusing too much on some aspects Does not seek information and feedback Monitors too infrequently or too late;Uses an inadequate scanning sequence Does not monitor all the required sources of information; Too short fixations
Communication with the instructor Provides incorrect information Does not provide information when required Provides information too early, too late or out of sequence Provides too little or too much information
Control Actions Provides inadequate control actions A required control action is not provided;Does not follow the instructor’s command Provides control actions too early, too late or in the wrong sequence;Follows an instruction too early, too late or out of sequence Provides too short or too long control inputs;Follows an instruction too long or stops too early
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