| Referent leader type |
Type characteristics |
Referent leaders type semantics |
| Directive |
Gains authority in a group through clear guidance and instructions is, impatient to objections, expects subordination and asserts him or herself through a convincing demonstration of the benefits of obeying to his will |
Prone to assert his or her power and authority, uses undemocratic methods of influence: pressure, orders, regulations, etc. (Golovin. 1998)) |
| Power |
Gains recognition in a group of teenagers never mind using physical force, strongly demonstrating his or her physical superiority and suppressing resistance by aggressive pressure |
Based on the use of considerable physical strength (Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2009) |
| Charismatic |
Brings a vivid image associated with modernity, uniqueness, challenge to traditions, as well as with attractiveness, mystery, and social magnetism |
Charismatic; strong-willed, overbearing. The charismatic leader (a person endowed with authority by his or her followers based solely on the properties of his or her charisma) (Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2009) |
| Intelligent |
Gains authority in a group of teenagers by his or her verbal and cogitative advantages, speed of reaction, general outlook, innovative solutions and attractive initiatives |
Spiritual, thinking, with a highly developed intellect (Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2009) |
| High-status |
Moves toward leading positions among the teens, is a representative of a status social group, has material superiority and opportunities, is an example of a dream of social well-being, is associated with hopes of achieving life goals and self-affirmation of an individual |
Good-looking, fashionable, prestigious, luxurious (Trishin 2013) |
| Guarding |
Gains authority because of his or her humanistic goals, willingness for communication activities, desire to help, empathy and philanthropic actions |
Taking care of, responsible, patronizing, guarding , guiding (Trishin 2013) |
| Extrapunitive(punishing) |
Achieves authority as a result of accusative reactions that lead to the suppression of individual initiative, appearance of feelings of guilt and dependence on the source of accusation |
Prone to shift the blame for the failures on other people (Golovin, 1998) |
