| Items |
External crisis communication |
Internal crisis communication |
| Crisis stages emphasis |
Acute stage |
All the three stages |
| Knowledge interest |
Finding generalizable Law-like results |
Broadening the understanding of the intricacy of crisis |
| Perception of management |
Managerialism, plans and checklist |
Complexity and improvising |
| View of communication |
Transmission-oriented |
Sense making-oriented |
| Relationship with stakeholders |
Asymmetrical |
Symmetrical |
| Perception of crisis |
Unattached situation with objective, self-evident meaning |
Crisis is a social construction, a perceptual view. |