Subjective Assessment Of Dialects In The Terminology Of German Dialectology

The article discusses the problem of relations to a dialect as an extralinguistic factor, which not only contributed to the emergence of German dialectology as a linguistic discipline but also influenced the formation of terminology in the field of German dialectology. At the beginning of the article, a brief excursion is given about how dialectology has been revived as a science. Supporters of a populist point of view created lists of dialectisms that needed to be avoided in speech. Other scientists constituted dictionaries to preserve dialects as cultural heritage. One way or another, both approaches are a negative or positive attitude towards regional varieties of language the cause of the creation of historical literary monuments, which served as the foundation for the formation of dialectology as science. Within the framework of social dialectology and perceptual dialectology, the study of such a phenomenon as a subjective assessment of the dialect took a separate niche, which is evidenced by the formation of many terminological nests reflecting a positive or negative assessment of the dialect. As an output, it is noted that the formation and development of the German dialectology and its terminological corps affected not only the attitude towards the dialect of its carriers but also the scientists of dialectologists. The article discusses the dependence of scientific knowledge on the influence of extralinguistic factors the relation to the dialect. 2357-1330 © 2021 Published by European Publisher.


Introduction
Dialectology of the German language is a relatively young discipline; its history goes back more than two hundred years. However, in the last decade, we have seen an active development of the science of dialects and its directions -dialect grammar, dialect phonetics, dialect geography, social dialectology, dialectometry, and perceptual dialectology, which contributed to the formation of many terminological vocabularies. The study and order of this vocabulary imply the study of the features of its formation and the factors influencing the formation of certain terms.

Problem Statement
At the early stage of the formation of dialectological science, the focus was on the geographical and normative study of dialects. The dialect was identified with the common people and was considered a sign of ignorance. The first scientific term, dialectal dictionaries, attempts to systematically describe differences in regional varieties of the language and, finally, respect for these regional dialects became prerequisites and a necessary condition for the emergence of not only dialectological science, but also its terminology. An important role in the formation of several terminological units was played by the attitude towards the dialect itself.

Research Questions
The study of any scientific branch of knowledge implies the study of its tools, that is, the terminological corpus of vocabulary, which is a kind of instrument for the transfer of knowledge and exchange of information between specialists. A comprehensive analysis of this vocabulary allows not only to systematize scientific knowledge but also to predict the possible direction of development of terminological nests of terms, as well as science itself. One of the factors influencing the formation of dialectology and its terminology is the attitude towards the dialect.

Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this article is to identify the dependence of the formation of terminological vocabulary on extralinguistic factors the subjective assessment of dialect speakers and dialectologists.

Research Methods
The methodological basis includes the use of methods of comparative historical, typological analysis. The systematic approach makes it possible to study the features of the formation of terminological fields.

Findings
The formation of dialectology of the German language as a science falls at the beginning of the 19th century (Senina & Merkurieva, 2020). However, the formation of a scientific discipline on regional https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.12.101 Corresponding Author: Inna Valerievna Senina Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN: 2357-1330 841 varieties of the language was preceded by a long period of collection and analysis of existing dialectal features, which is due, among other things, to several extralinguistic factors, among which an important role is related to the dialect itself.
From the middle of the 16th century. the dialect was perceived by representatives of the upper social strata as a "spoiled" written language (verderbte Schriftsprache) and was associated with the peasantry and lack of education. In the 17th and 18th centuries. the disdain for regional varieties of the language reaches its climax. Thus, Adelung (1781) considers the Low German dialect a "relic of culture" (Überbleibsel der Kultur), and the High German dialect the most beautiful, harmonious, and pleasant (p. 79). Heinatz believes that High German is the only model to strive for (Heynatz, 1774, p. 34). During this time, numerous grammars of the German language were created. Even though writers strive to introduce elements of colloquial speech into the written language, and stylistics regulate the use of colloquial elements of the language in written speech and allow this very possibility, the inclusion of a dialect in written speech remains unacceptable, and speakers of the dialect (primarily the peasants) are ridiculed.
In the 18th century. opposition to the negative attitude towards the dialect begins to form. In 1700 Leibniz points out the importance of dialects. Many dialectologists consider him the main initiator of the new "dialectal consciousness" (Dialektbewusstseins). Leibniz calls for the collection of lexical material in all regions, which is, first, of historical value, since it is dialect words, phrases, and sentences that contain an explanation of the meanings of general literary vocabulary. All projects of his dialectological dictionaries remained unfulfilled, but the scientist's calls significantly influenced the thinking of many researchers, and their works became the foundation for the creation of the science of dialects.
In one way or another, both approaches contributed to the formation of the first dialectal dictionaries. Purists have compiled lists of dialectisms to avoid in speech, and these materials have become important treasures of historical dialectology. In the 16th century. the first dialect dictionaries appear, such as Petri-Glossar (1523), Mithridates. De Differentiislinguarum (1555), Glossarium Bavaricum (1689), Idioticon Hamburgense (1755), etc. Later, many dictionaries were called Idiotikon, Idiotismensammlungen, and dialect vocabulary -Idiotismen, Idiotika from Greek idiotikon special "means" a list of features of a particular dialect).
The work of many dialectologists is not only in the study of dialectal peculiarities but also in the purposeful efforts to preserve them. Along with the compilation of many dictionaries of dialect vocabulary, many projects and conferences are organized. As part of supporting the "prestige of the dialect" (Dialektprestige), scientists emphasize the importance of "reviving the dialect" (Wiederbelebung des Dialektes, Dialektbelebung), preserving the dialect (Mundartbewahrung, Dialekterhalt), supporting the dialect (Dialektförderung). Many publications and scientific symposia are devoted to the need to study the dialect (Dialektbeherrschung, Dialekterwerb, Mundartbeherrschung, Mundarterwerb), "dialect transmission" (Dialektweitergabe), "dialect education" (Dialekterziehung), as well as the adoption of certain measures to form dialect dialectal consciousness (Mundartbewußtsein) and dialectal loyalty (Dialektloyalität).
Many terminological vocabularies denote the status of the dialect and the peculiarities of the relationship to regional varieties of the language. The traditional attitude to the dialect as the language of the uneducated strata of society has formed a negative assessment of the use of regional forms and, as a https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.12.101 Corresponding Author: Inna Valerievna Senina Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN:  842 result, the avoidance of using them in speech, which is denoted in the scientific literature as Dialektvermeidung, Dialektverachtung, Dialektmisbrauch, Geringerwertigkeit des Dialetigtes, Dialektnivematllisierung. Dialectologists pay special attention to the problem of "dialectal barriers" arising in connection with the avoidance of regional forms (Dialektbarriere, dialektale Barriere, dialektbedingte Sprachbarriere), which are defined as "angenommene Behinderung von Dialektsprechernbeim Erwerb der Standardspr. aufgrund von Asymmetrie der Systemebzw. Negative Bewertung des Dialekts "(the alleged difficulty of the speakers of the dialect in mastering the literary language due to the asymmetry of systems or negative assessment of the dialect "-hereinafter, our translation. -I. V., G. A., V. V.) (Glück, 2016, p. 146).
The regional component in the formation of attitudes towards the dialect is pointed out by Merkurieva (2004): "In percentage terms, the south remains more located to the dialect (dialect freundlich), and the north -less (dialektarm)" (p. 23). Siebenhaar (1996) believes that it is inappropriate to use the terms H (igh) -Varietät and L (ow) -Varietät to designate the literary language and the Swiss dialect as languages with high and lower prestige, since their relationship is a mediale Diglossie.
Merkuryeva writes about the functioning of the German dialect on the territory of Germany at present: "Now the dialect is primarily a private language, the language of family communication, and only after that is it a sign of insufficient education, rural origin and a certain native region" (Merkurieva, 2004, p. 51). Thus, in the case of a "friendly", "cozy" conversation, preference is given to the dialect as a "language of intimacy". This phenomenon is designated by German dialectologists as Mundartbevorzugung (Niebaum & Macha, 2014) or Dialektpräferenz (Hochholzer, 2015) -the preferred use of the dialect. If speakers try to avoid especially pronounced dialectal signs in speech, dialect convergence (Dialektkonvergenz) occurs -if there is a literary language-roof, then often contact in the dialect occurs in convergence towards the literary language. The opposite phenomenon is dialect divergence (Dialektdivergenz) when both linguistic varieties move away. This happens when you need to avoid resemblance during communication. The choice of the linguistic form of the speaker, as well as the explanation of some mechanisms of dialect interference, are studied in the framework of the study of concepts such as the study of dialect perception (Dialektperzeptionsstudie), "assessment" of the dialect (Dialekteinschätzung), "image" of the dialect (Dialektimage) or "dialect stereotype" (Dialektyp): "Preferenzen gegenüber einer regionalenVarietätkönnenauchals Image eines Dialekts (dialect image) bezeichnet werden. Werden Sprecher einer Dialektregion (sozial) stigmatisiert, kann auch von einem Negativimage gesprochen werden. Imumgekehrten Fall, d.h.wenneineregionale Sprechweise favorisiert und in Zusammenhang mit der Standardvarietät gebraucht wird, wird diese als Prestigevarietät designiert" stigmatized, one can speak of a negative regional image, otherwise, i.e., if the regional variant is preferred and used along with the literary language, we are talking about a prestigious dialect") (Anders, 2010, p. 39).
In the aspect of social dialectology, not only the individual characteristics of the use of the dialect are considered, but also the attitude towards it in society. Opponents of the dialect are designated in the scientific literature as dialektfeindlich (hostile to the dialect), Dialektfeind (opponent of the dialect), and supporters and loyal to regional varieties of the language -Dialektfreund, Dialektbefürworter,

Mundartbefürworter, Dialektchloyale,
The concept of "dialect support" (Mundartpflege, Dialektpflege) is widely used, which is classified in scientific works on dialectology as follows: 3) Pseudo-Dialektpflege: Dialect abuse (Bräuer, 2015, p. 278) The popularity and relevance of the term Dialektpflege are indicated by its derivative ability, as well as the ability to create large terminological series: dialektpflegerische Aktivitäten -measures to preserve the dialect; https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.12.101 Corresponding Author: Inna Valerievna Senina Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN: 2357-1330 844 dialektpflegerisches Netzwerk -dialect preservation system. Ammon (2006), using the example of the Swiss version of the German language, distinguishes such a phenomenon as "dialect purism" (Dialektpurismus) -a phenomenon in which a dialect in diglossia with its own literary remains preserved and "pure" (p. 1767).

Mundartpfleger
It is noteworthy that dialectologists often use the concept of "dialect waves" (Dialektwellen), which denote "periods of particularly bright flourishing of the dialect" (Merkurieva, 2004, p. 25) Changes in the language associated with the concepts of the disintegration of a dialect or dialect renaissance are explained not least of all by a changed attitude to the language or dialect. Thus, our interest is based not only on the forms and contents of existing positions, but also on the processes, causes, consequences of changes in attitudes that occur in the mind of the individual (Krause & Sternkopf, 2000, p. 191).
The study of subjective data and subjective interpretation of linguistic reality entailed the creation of such a direction as perceptual dialectology, or dialectology of perception (Sprecherdialektologie, Dialektologie der Dialektsprecher, Dialektologie der Nicht-Dialektshprecher, Laiendialektologie, Perseptionshologie). Many scientists consider this direction an independent discipline describing the cognitive structures of everyday knowledge, along with dialectography as a linguistic description of regional speech styles, dialect geography as an aerial description of regional speech styles, and social dialectology as a description of social stratification positions itself as the fourth subsection of synchronous dialectology (Anders, 2010, p. 3) ... In perceptual dialectology, to describe terminological phenomena and processes, many terms are used with components with a subjektiv component: But despite the constituent subjektiv in the given term combinations, they do not reflect the specifics of the attitude towards the dialect itself, but only a terminological description of those phenomena that characterize the assessment of dialectal processes by non-professional dialectologists. It is important to note that the attitude towards the dialect has become not only a scientific problem for the description by dialectologists, but also formed the basis for many symposia and conferences aimed at supporting the preservation of the dialect as a historical cultural heritage. Examples of this are such events as "Dialekt und regionale Kulturforschung" Tübingen, 2006 ("Dialect and regional study of culture" Tübingen, 2006), "Gefährdete Sprachen und Dialekte" München, 2013 ("Endangered languages and dialects" Munich, 2013), "Dialekt-Namen -Mundartim Kontext der Onomastik" Regensburg, 2017 ("Dialectal names -dialect in the context of onomastics" Regensburg, 2017), Deitsch, Dütsch, Deutsch: Deutsch als Zweitspracheim Dialekt-Standard-Kontinuum / -Spektrum des Deutschen Wien, 2019 (Deitsch, Dütsch, Deutsch: German as a second language in the German dialect-literary language spectrum, Vienna, 2019) and many others. At such meetings of dialectologists, the problems of the existence and coexistence of German dialects, the possibility of their preservation, and respect for dialects are discussed, and as a result of the discussions, a lot of scientific terms are born that describe these processes, which largely determine the further development of the science of regional varieties of language.

Conclusion
Even before German dialectology was formed as a science, a subjective attitude towards dialect led to the creation of the first dictionaries of dialectisms, which were created mainly for two reasons: on the one hand, for the educated part of the population, to avoid using these dialectisms in speech; on the other hand, to systematize and classify the dialects in terms of cultural heritage. These works later became the necessary basis for the formation of the science of dialects. In addition, the attitude to the dialect is one of the important extralinguistic factors, the study of which contributed to the formation of many terminological vocabularies, which is proved by the large number of examples we have given. At the same time, the position of the dialectologists themselves, who create and use this vocabulary, also plays an important role. Thus, we state the presence of a certain dependence of scientific knowledge and terminology on subjective opinion, which is predetermined by the very science that a person creates.