THE IDEOLOGIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AFTER THE REVOLUTION OF 1917

This article deals with the ideologization of the language of Soviet newspapers after the revolution. We understand ideologization as the subjection to the system of the political, legal, moral, esthetic, religious, and philosophical ideas typical of a specific development stage of society. We analyzed the ideologization during one of the key periods of Russian history, i.e. the October Revolution of 1917 and the post-revolutionary period. This research is deemed relevant because the ideologization of the language is an ongoing process and evident today in the Russian media. As such, it must be analyzed by linguists taking into consideration its historical bases. The author focuses on the linguistic means that facilitate the ideologization of the language of Krasnaya Gazeta in 1920. Among those are new nominative units (names for new realia), imagery and expressive means, verbal cliches, officialese vocabulary, colloquialisms, pronouns we and our , slogans. The ideologization of the language was one of the methods of influencing the reader in the 1920es when language became a key tool in spreading ideological views and forming the new mentality of the Soviet people. We assume that larger historical events in terms of political changes result in the greater ideologization of the language of the media. Language ideologization in the publications of Krasnaya Gazeta helped transform the mentality of the public and shape new ideological stereotypes to ensure that people could have faith in the new world order and its social significance, addressing the needs of ordinary people.


Introduction
Languages constantly change due to their internal processes and external factors. Linguists have little doubt that the most significant changes in languages are linked to the history of the people and the social situation in which the language is used (Krylova, 2014). Radical political, economic, and social transformations in society act as crucial external factors of linguistic development. Linguists and sociologists wonder "how significant and deep are the changes in a linguistic system caused by the new circumstances, in which the language exists" (Romanova, 2002, p. 37), as well as whether these changes reflect the social evolution of the language (Scott-Phillips, 2007).
The history of Russian comprises several periods, during which the significant changes in social life stimulated the significant transformation of the language. Our research is relevant as the Russian language is undergoing one such period since the 1990es when the political system changed and the respective processes came into being. To understand the current linguistic processes, it is necessary to review the impact the social transformations had on the Russian language during the previous stages of its development.
The October revolution of 1917, when capitalism was replaced with socialisms, resulted in significant changes in the Russian language that had some effects on cultural, economic, and social life.
The transformations occurring after the October revolution cannot be viewed as accidental because "the changes of the language may result in the transformation of mentality, which was successfully used by the revolutionaries, public speakers, and authorities" (Matveeva, 2017, p. 58). Zuev (2005) believes that "the language is the object of manipulation and it can influence the mentality and world-view of the country's populace" (p. 73). After the revolution of 1917, language ideologization became one of the methods of the conscious transformation of the Russian language to influence its speakers.

Problem Statement
Ideologization stipulates the "penetration of ideology in all of the areas of social and personal life, and the subjection of all aspects of the country's life (economic, political, social, and spiritual) to some ideology (Tsakhilov, 2015). Ideologization can manifest itself in education (Yamane, 1983), mass media (Jaspers, 2014), psychological theories (Dobles, 1999), and other areas. During the Soviet period, ideologization affected various aspects of life, including the language. Ideologization reflects the principles of an ideology/ Philosophers define ideology as a set of political, legal, moral, esthetic, religious, and philosophical views. We understand language ideologization as its subjection to the system of the political, legal, moral, esthetic, religious, and philosophical ideas typical of a specific development stage of society.
Language ideologization occurred in various areas of its use, first of all in newspapers that provided the public with information about the current events and shaped public opinion. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.235 Corresponding Author: Liya Gao Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN:  1787 The language of Soviet newspapers in the first post-revolutionary years was analyzed by many researchers. Kim (2015) notes that slogans that "stroke a chord with the Soviet workers" were its key components. Savina (2018) analyzed Pionerskaya Pravda of the 1920es and discovered in it negative assessments (treacherous, predatory, menial, evil), colloquialisms (bourgeois), stable associative phrases like the ambitious lord Pilsudski, etc. All these features laid bare the ideologization of the newspaper's language resulting in language transformations reflecting the ideological system of coordinates (Logunova, 2013) and its alignment with the established state social and cultural paradigm.

Research Questions
This research analyze:  the various methods of language ideologization found in the publications by Krasnaya Gazeta in 1920(KG, 1920;  the effects the language ideologization tools had on the reader's perception of the Soviet reality of the first post-revolutionary years.

Purpose of the Study
The goal of this research is to identify the methods of language ideologization in political essays impacting the reader's perception of reality.

Research Methods
In our research, we used observation and description, as well as the structural-semantic and comparative-historical methods.

Findings
Krasnaya Gazeta was the "second most significant voice of St. Peterburg's bolsheviks after Petrogradskaya Pravda" (Izmozik, 2010). This is due to the fact that the newspaper was established to document the activities of the new Soviet state, especially the events in Petrograd. The ideologization of the newspaper space was achieved using various means, including linguistic ones.
In this newspaper, we can find words that name new phenomena in life that appeared because of the revolution and the revolutionary changes in society. Let  1788 working class in the manors that used to belong to the bourgeois: "The island where the richest of the bourgeoisie enjoyed luxury became the island where the most exhausted portion of the proletariate relaxed". Such words do not belong to the high style, they do not sound solemn, yet they transmit the readers the idea that the party cares about ordinary people and that the new country is a state for ordinary working men, not for the elites.
These words and phrases name the realia that started to appear in the newspaper following the changes in the political life of the country, as well as "new phenomena and circumstances that required (in some ways) new names" (Selishev, 2003, p. 28). They transmitted the readers the idea that the social transformations achieved were resilient, that the new world was stable and it was there for the working class, and its aim to improve their lives. You can find these in almost all of the articles in the newspaper: "He is with us, he is before us"; syntactic parallelism: "We made him like this -this is our pride, our honor. He made us like this -this is his merit, his genius" (KG, 87), as well as other expressive devices that help create an uplifting mood. Articles of this kind, full of imagery and expressive devices and words, exclamations and slogans, aimed to strengthen the readers' understanding that the three-year-old revolution was everyone's win and brought joy to the working class. Some of the expressions that appeared in the newspaper's lingo as bright and expressive can become trite cliches. For example, in headlines like "The goals of the bread front" (KG,20), "The news from the labor front" (KG,21), "To the industrial front" (KG, 21), we can see such cliches as labor front, bread front, and industrial front that are based on a military metaphor rethinking the concept of the front line. Besides, the headlines employing the word control like "The workers' control and public catering" (KG,24) or question: "The Polish question" (KG, 27) also seem trite. Selishev (2003) wrote about such expressions in 1927: "Many of them used to be emotional... Having been coined too often, some of the most popular words and phrases did not just lose the emotion, but also their real meaning". https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.235 Corresponding Author: Liya Gao Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN:  1789 We believe that the articles published in 1920 were not trite yet. For simple workers, comprising the bulk of the readers, they were still powerful and relevant linguistic means influencing the readers and their views, as well as the understanding of the country's circumstances.
Officialese becomes an integral component of the Krasnaya Gazeta lingo. We understand it as stylistically unmotivated use of bureaucratic cliches, i.e. words and expressions typical of official documents in unlikely contexts (Kopnina, 2014). For example: "The current life conditions force us to pay special attention to the physical condition of children" (Child healthcare) (KG,46). This sentence is cluttered with officialese expressions: current life conditions, pay special attention, physical conditions.
The officialese expressions make the text less personal and reduce the impact on the readers. Besides, the bureaucratic lingo makes the message seem more significant (Volkova, 2020). Nevertheless, we believe that in the 1920 newspaper they play yet another role that cannot be characterized as the improper use of the language: they show the readers that their life is settled and developing according to the specific rules and principles.
Colloquialisms make a striking contrast with the officialese expressions. The article entitled Shame tells that "some of the citizens" weasel out of outdoor cleaning using "different Ids". It reads: "Let other Kombeds [abbreviation for the Committee of the Poor] ignore these papers too" (KG,46). The low-style papers here stand for dubious IDs that cannot be used to excuse oneself from the labor: "These IDs have no legal power, therefore the teacher was fined for refusing to clean the house upon the request from the Kombed." A colloquialism may serve as an instrument that bonds the author and the addressee. For instance, during the 1920 campaign to combat spotted fever, this disease is referred to by two names: the official typhus and the colloquial spotted fever. We can see that the phrase spotted fever dominates the headlines on one of the newspaper pages: "Today we begin the fight against typhus", "Lectures on the means of combating typhus", "Fight the spotted fever", "The next meeting of the Council on Wednesday canceled as all the members mobilized to combat spotted fever", "Combating spotted fever week" (KG, 31).
One of the morphological methods of language ideologization is the use of collective we.
Pronounds we and our are often used to describe the author of the article. For example: "It seemed like the vicious circle of crises was locked, increasing our breakdown by day" (Great opportunities) (KG, 45); "We, women workers and peasants from all countries, understood that our interests are aligned with the shared interests of all the proletariat and peasantry" (In the name of Communist International) (KG, 179).
Pronouns we and our allow the authors of the articles to make an impression that they speak on behalf of the wide working-class and bond with the reader. This method must convince the readers that they share the ideas expressed in the articles published in the newspaper and that the newspaper is addressed to them and tackles their pressing needs.
Slogans play a huge role in the newspaper structure. Most of them are structures as rhetorical exclamations and appeals: "Away with slovenliness!" (KG, 26), "Away with slovenliness and stealing!" (KG,27). Kim (2015) notes that slogans made a great effect on largely uneducated readers who started to use the most popular slogans in their letters to the editors and everyday speech. This proves that they were an important ideologization tool for the newspaper's lingo. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.235 Corresponding Author: Liya Gao Selection and peer-review under

Conclusion
The analysis of the lingo used in Krasnaya Gazeta of 1920 shows that the newspaper used a set of linguistic tools to ideologize its lingo. Linguistic means helped introduce many important concepts into the minds of readers, including the resilience of the new world, the state's care of ordinary people, the joy of living in the Soviet society, the unity of all working people in fighting for the new life, the equality of all residents of the new world, the importance of the needs of ordinary readers, and addressing the problems common for the authors and the readers in the newspaper, etc. The newspaper had a conscious policy of linguistic bonding with the public and ideologizing it using the language. We observe that after the 1917 revolution the journalist lingo becomes one of the ideologizing means for society. The extent of linguistic changes is determined by the scale of political and ideological transformations.