POVERTY AND MISERY – CATEGORIES OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

The level and quality of living standards are deteriorating in almost all countries of the world, including Russia. The article analyzes one of the features of modern Russia – an abnormally large proportion of the poor population in a rich country. This population group does not have stable socio-economic characteristics, in this regard, it needs constant monitoring: studying the mode, level and quality of life, value system, behaviour strategy to improve the social policy effectiveness of the state. Issues on the level and quality of living standards have always been given some attention, but mainly scientific searches were conducted in the field of socio-economic, monetary and financial relations, comparative sociology and statistics. In the paradigm of the philosophy of law, the problems of poverty and misery were not studied. The object of the study is the low-income population of Russia. The subject of the study is the dynamics of the main indicators of the living standards, the causes of poverty and misery, their conditionality by the social legislation of the state. The purpose of the study is to identify the signs, scale, and depth of poverty in Russia. Based on sociological comparative studies, the analysis of poverty and misery in Russia in comparison with other countries, in particular, with the People's Republic of China, is carried out. The peculiarity of the article is that the analysis of the "population poverty" phenomenon is not limited to socio-economic, sociological and statistical methods, but is conducted in the paradigm of the philosophy of law.


Introduction
The key problems of human and social development are the level and quality of life, the degree of population well-being, which has two vectors of global civilizational development: spiritual (science, education, health, culture, sports) and material (social well-being, well-fare, poverty, misery). They determine the place of the Russian population in the global system of social and political coordinates, in the community of nations. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, 2021), adopted by a nationwide vote on 01.07.2020, gives special relevance to this issue.
Article 7 states: "the Russian Federation is a social State whose policy is aimed at creating conditions for a worthy life and a free development of man". Humanity is not able to solve the problem of poverty, it still remains an integral feature of any society. The adoption of the new Constitution actualized the problem of the Russian population welfare, enable greater attention to the growth of poverty and misery, and improved social legislation and law enforcement practices. It is these problems that are the focus of this article.

Problem Statement
Social and cultural transformations in the context of modern globalism have practically not affected such a sphere of life as the material well-being of the population. The world community spends no less money on the supplies of officials who are involved in understanding and solving the problem of poverty and misery of the population than on supporting those who are actually poor. They are rich only in the enormous attention that is paid to them in the normative acts of both international and nationalregional scale. The list of documents aimed at combating poverty and misery will take more than one hundred pages. For example, within the framework of the European Union, the "Europe 2020" strategy was developed in 2010, which consisted of five main areas designed to reduce large-scale poverty, but in most countries, it was not possible to achieve noticeable results.
Radical liberal reforms of the 90s of the twentieth century led to a sharp deterioration in the social well-being of the Russian population, an increase in poverty and misery. The measures taken by the Government have led to some improvement in the situation of poverty. In 2000, more than 42.3 million people were below the poverty line in Russia, in 2019 -18.1, now 13.5 % of Russian citizens belong to the category of poor, 19.8 million people (Butkalyuk, 2021;Rosstat, 2019). The transformation of the Russian economy has led to the emergence of a working population, which by its parameters can be attributed to the "working poor". The poverty level is calculated under the minimum subsistence level, which in 2021 is set at 12,392 rubles for a working person, 11,423 for a child, and 9422 for a pensioner.
The World Bank classifies those with income living of $ 1.9 per day as poor.
Numerous works have been devoted to the study of the social state, various aspects of the issue on the level and quality of life, the degree of well-being, poverty and misery, the identification of causes, the development of methods for improving the well-being of the population (Abrahamson, 2001;Acemoglu, 2012;Antonova, 2019;Kapeliushnikov, 2019;Orlik, 2020;Rzhanitsyna, 2018;Slobodenyuk, 2018;Varshavskaya, 2015;Zhukov, 2012Zhukov, , 2017. The article analyzes the poverty level of the Russian population from the perspective of the philosophy of law. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.229 Corresponding Author: Vasily Ivanovich Zhukov Selection and peer-review under

Research Questions
The subject of the study is the dynamics of the main indicators of the living standards, the causes of poverty and misery, their conditionality by the social legislation of the state. Statistical data are systematized, the dynamics of social well-being, poverty and misery of the Russian population are analyzed. On this basis, a comparison of the relevant doctrines and concepts peculiar to different countries is carried out.

Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study is to establish the actual parameters of poverty and misery, to determine the place of the Russian population in the global system of social coordinates. The following tasks are solved: the features of Russian poverty are revealed; the dynamics of the number and the proportion of poor citizens in Russia is considered, the main parameters of poverty are monitored in comparison with similar ones in other states.

Research Methods
The main research methods are comparative analysis (comparative studies), sociological and mathematical methods of objectification of official statistics; philosophical method of revealing the transition of quantitative phenomena into qualitative characteristics of the social well-being of the population. On this basis, the method of forecasting the further development of the poverty and misery phenomenon is used. Table 01 shows official statistics on the number of poor people and their share in the population of Russia, 1992-2019 (Rosstat, 2019). The dynamics analysis of the poverty and misery development in Russia has shown its abrupt nature. Thus, the number of poor people in the country decreased by 13.2 million from 1993 to 1994.  1743 Thus, the rights and freedoms of the individual, the interests of the country, the law, and morality are most bizarrely intertwined in such a phenomenon as the social well-being of a person.

Findings
In the sociology of law, poverty is a socio-economic category that has its own parameters and methods of measurement. In qualimetry, this phenomenon can be determined using more than 300 indicators (Zhukov, 2012). In politics, the topic of poverty is used as a means of influencing the electoral behavior of the population. In journalism, it is a way of exposing the greed of the oligarchs. An inexhaustible number of stories gave rise to numerous publications that reveal an absolutely social and legal evil -poverty and misery.
Modern researchers who consider social and legal problems on the conceptual basis of economics, sociology, philosophy and law have paid attention to global processes, as well as the combination of world and national trends. "At each new stage of mankind history, the most important indicator of its reasonableness is the degree of socio-normative system development, including law, personal and public morality" (Zorkin, 2018, p. 12). Zorkin (2019) is also right that "Russia has not designed a development strategy that would meet the expectations of Russian society and its ideas of justice" (p. 72).
Among foreign thinkers, the first to address the philosophical problems of poverty was the French economist, philosopher and sociologist P.J. Proudhon (1809Proudhon ( -1865. "The old civilization is dying. The rising word "equality" is already illuminating the earth, and soon it will boil with a different life... With new feelings, new thoughts will also be born: faith, morality, law" (Proudhon, 1906, p. 36  "...Communism strives for equality and for the law; property ... for independence and proportionality". At the same time, communism "becomes unjust and tyrannical", and property -"shy, anti-social". In this regard Proudhon (1906) concludes: "What communism and property want is good, but what they both lead to is bad", since "communism denies independence and proportionality, the property does not satisfy the requirements of equality and the law" (p. 63).
K. Marx gave an immediate response to the "Philosophy of Poverty" as early as December 1846.
His book with the ironic title "The Poverty of Philosophy" was published in Paris and Brussels in 1847.
Such a quick and abrupt reaction of K. Marx is probably explained by two circumstances: first, the ideas of P.J. Proudhon prevented the spread of Marxism in the proletarian environment, and secondly, the criticism of the philosophy of poverty allowed K. Marx to to give his first systematic exposition of economic theory. In particular, criticizing the ideas of P.J. Proudhon about consumer and exchange value, K. Marx made one of those conclusions that has not lost its significance for the characterization of modern law, economics and morality. Also, he noted that "virtue, love, respect, knowledge, conscience" became the subject of trade under capitalism (the dominance of the liberal economy), that is, what was https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.229 Corresponding Author: Vasily Ivanovich Zhukov Selection and peer-review under  1744 never exchanged, sold, or bought. Marx (1955) characterized this period as "a time of universal corruption and universal venality" (p. 174).
In the XXI century, the ideas of P.J. Proudhon is experiencing a renaissance, as the problem of population poverty and misery came to the fore in the philosophy of law, the concept of human rights, and the theory of state and law. As an economist, P.J. Proudhon concluded that the well-being of the population depends not on the total amount of accumulated wealth, but on its fair distribution. The philosophical conclusion from this social economic axiom is that the power of production cannot be compared with the power of consumption, and therefore inequality and poverty will be universal phenomena. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon also justified another axiomatic conclusion, which was confirmed in the twentieth century and became one of the most striking characteristics of globalism in the twenty-first century: inequality of access to fair distribution leads a part of the population to poverty, and people driven to despair by hunger are on the path of deception, violence, robbery, and murder. He left as a legacy to his readers the commandments that poverty can be avoided in three ways -the education of the people; the improvement of industry; and the removing of parasitism.
The The main drawback of existing global and national poverty reduction programs is a poor understanding of the essence of the phenomenon itself and the processes that lead to or out of this state. 1745 Terminologically, this is manifested in the use of definitions that are devoid of a reliable idea of the phenomenon. The most common calls are to "eradicate" poverty, although in real life it can only be reduced. There are quite a lot of options for reduction, but it is necessary to know that not only poverty, misery and deprivation lead to large-scale conflicts, but also radical ways to reduce them. Any social problem is solved through the redistribution of resources and material goods, which is inevitably accompanied by conflicts, the severity of which depends on the political wisdom of the rulers.
Sociologists know that behind wealth and poverty there are quite certain strata of society, which represent a differentiated pyramid. This social structure will overturn if the balance of interests is disturbed, and the centre of gravity begins to move towards poverty. In this regard, the threat will be caused by the poverty growth or its radical reduction.
If we take the European poverty threshold as a basis, consider the results of sociological research and their philosophical understanding, then the assumptions of the authors can be summarized as follows:  poverty rate of 10-12 % of the total population guarantees the possibility of sustainable social development;  at a decile ratio of 1:6-1:8, the social cohesion is preserved;  property differentiation equals to the decile ratio of 1:20 and higher leads to devaluation of productive labour, disappearing of civilized incentives for its growth, block of constructive processes, and socio-economic development;  the ratio of poverty to wealth exceeding 1:30 leads to political and cultural degradation and exacerbation of conflicts. The country is entering a zone of social turbulence with the resulting possibility of state and social non-existence.

Conclusion
The transformation of the Russian economy has led to negative changes in the social structure of Russian society. It led to the emergence of a significant social group, which by its parameters can be attributed to the poor. This group does not have stable socio-economic characteristics and needs constant scientific monitoring. It is necessary to study the mode of life, value system, behaviour strategy of the poor population to improve the social policy effectiveness aimed at reducing poverty and misery.
In the format of the philosophy of law and the history of the state, it is clear that since the beginning of the 90s of the twentieth century, Russia began to lose its sovereignty, its national interests were ignored, morality, and law were devalued. In the XXI century, these processes were blocked, but Russia is not yet able to reverse the situation and get out of the crisis.