EUROPEAN UNION AND CANADA: CORE ISSUES OF CONTEMPORARY MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION

Countries and international organizations one by one are having problems of migration flows regulation. The migration policy of a country has an important role in integration and adaptation of immigrants. Migration policies of the European Union and Canada take special place among migration policies of other countries due to their uniqueness. The historical highlights of migration regulation in both the European Union and Canada is discussed; the general statistics of the migration situation, the social structure and demographic characteristics of the contemporary immigration to the European Union and Canada are considered; the role of integration and adaptation policies of the European Union and Canada into the adaptation process of contemporary immigrants using the Migrant Integration Policy Index data is determined. The obtained data show that Canada migration policy is considered one of the best in the world, while the European Union migration policy has a number of shortcomings due to the fact that it is regulated by both the European Union and its Member States, what slows the adaptation and integration of immigrants. However, all the measures taken by the authorities help immigrants feel included into the social life of their new country, which, as a result, positively influences their labour mobility and loyalty.


Introduction
In today's globalised world, problems of migration and migration flows are debated by politicians and scientists, economists and ordinary citizens. On one hand, it may seem that migration attains alarming rates, but on the other that nothing special happens because it is a matter of the globalisation phenomenon which is characterised by the erosion of international, inter-ethnic and inter-linguistic borders. The theme of migration is one of the most researched in our time (Arango, 2000;Stark & Bloom, 1985).

Problem Statement
Countries and international organizations one by one are having problems of migration flows regulation. Migration leads to a change of social patterns. Some countries simplify the procedure of obtaining visas and general schemes of human and traffic flows but others do the contrary: they implement new barriers in the way of foreign labour and goods. Migration always entails changes in the socio-cultural environment, labour market and social relationships. Such countries and international organizations as Canada and European Union have a unique experience in managing migration policy and flows, as well as adaptation and integration of immigrants (Tkachenko & Polyushkevich, 2019).

Purpose of the Study
Considering the current migration tendencies to the European Union and Canada, to analyse the migration policy and adaptation of contemporary immigrants in the European Union Member States and Canada. Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency of the European Commission (CHAFEA) via the Project "Integration policies: Who benefits?". The group analyses integration, adaptation and https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.228 Corresponding Author: Andrei Vladimirovich Zavialov Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN:  1729 opportunities of immigrants in a new society: 38 countries were analysed in 2014, and 52 in 2020 (providing data for 2019) with a 100-points scale in 8 major policies which influence their integration and adaptation into a new society using 167 policy indicators:

Research Methods
 "Labour Market Mobility" shows the migrants' possibilities to work and live in a country having the same access to labour market (both private and public sector) as nationals and opportunities to improve a language and other necessary skills through trainings which public services offer.
 "Family Reunion" shows the migrants' possibilities of having the same rights as the EU families moving through the Union, opportunities to apply for spouse/partner, children, dependent parents and grandparents through free and short procedure where authorities cannot reject an application if it is not fraudulent or if it does not pose security threats.
 "Education" is about possibilities of any child and adult of foreign nationality to attend educational institutions and benefit from the same general measures as classmates with the same socioeconomic background, with opportunities to obtain additional support due to immigration experience from well-trained teachers, including mastering host and native language skills because schools use intercultural approach of living in the intercultural society.
 "Health" focuses on the possibility of migrants to access the health care system of a host society, health insurance, providing of medical services equal to nationals and on different languages.
 "Political Participation" provides information on the possibilities of migrants to vote and run in regional elections, participate in protests and marches and enjoy the same political liberties as nationals have.
 "Permanent Residence" is about legal immigrants having the right to decide for themselves where to settle permanently in the country. The procedure is free and short because the only issue to resolve is whether there is potential fraud or a real security threat and there is a possibility to appeal any rejection or withdrawal of an application. In the case of acceptance, an immigrant is secure and treated equally as nationals with the same rights and obligations in most areas of life.
 "Access to Nationality" reflects the possibility of immigrants who see their future in a new country to obtain support to become citizens and participate in public life equally with other nationals while keeping their second nationality (dual citizenship) and being protected by the new country equally with fellow nationals. Children born in a country become citizens automatically. Nationality is received after meeting general conditions such as no criminal record, a passed citizenship test and language proficiency which is possible to get through free, flexible and professional courses provided by a country.
 "Anti-Discrimination" analyses possibilities of immigrants to fight discrimination and benefit from equal opportunities, to bring a case against any discrimination practices in all fields of public life and courts use a wide-range of sanctions to prevent, discourage and correct discrimination (MIPEX, 2020). https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.228 Corresponding Author: Andrei Vladimirovich Zavialov Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN: 2357-1330 1730 6. Findings

Migration and integration of migrants in the European Union
The EU migration policy is not a classical, but unique model of migration regulation. The free movement of persons was a core part of the original Treaty of Rome and, from the early days of the European Economic Community, nationals of EEC member states could travel freely from one Member State to another upon production of their passports or national identity cards. However, systematic identity controls were still in place at the border between most Member States. The Schengen Agreement, which became among the first steps on total border control refusal, was signed in 1985 by five EEC to join the Schengen Area due to their Accession agreements. As these four Member States prepare for accession to the Schengen Area, they must implement measures with regard to air borders, visas, police cooperation and personal data protection. They are under an evaluation process which involves a questionnaire and visits by EU experts to different institutions and workplaces in the countries.
Upon the elimination of internal border controls and strengthening external border controls, Schengen Area countries operate like a single state for international travel purposes with external border controls for travellers entering and exiting the Area and a common visa policy but with no internal border control among the Member States. According to the European legislation and treaties, Schengen Area countries have the right to make the constant internal border controls for the half-a-year period.
Coordination and harmonisation of migration policies between different European countries form a strong institutional mandate and a solid conceptual basis which unifies rules and simplifies the movement of people, goods, services and capitals or the EU four freedoms.
The EU migration policy has been under pressure since the beginning but especially with COVID-19 pandemic and migration crises. This is why the migration policies of EU Member States and the EU itself might become more restrictive (Zavialov, 2019).
If EU migration policy is at the nexus of internal and external migration, there are several differences between EU citizens and foreigners: 1) EU citizens can travel within the EU without internal checkpoints; 2) Non-EU citizens are subjects to a restrictive set of national migration policies by different EU Member States. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.228 Corresponding Author: Andrei Vladimirovich Zavialov Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN:  1731 With that, the EU practices the dual approach on its migration policy:  internal migration is harmonised;  external migration is not yet harmonised (a. all EU Member States have special immigration schemes; b. they regulate illegal immigration in a different way; c. there are different durations of temporary work and another types of permits; d. different naturalisation rules); the only EU level rule that is universal is that after five years of living in a Member State, legal immigrants can ask for a permanent residence.
The EU migration situation is analysed below in accordance with the Eurostat data which are described in four groups: Immigrants and non-EU citizens residing in the EU; Residence permits and reasons for issuing; Acquisition of EU citizenship; Asylum (Eurostat, 2020). Concerning the gender distribution of immigrants in 2018, there were 54% male (highest in Croatia -75%) and 46% female (highest in Portugal -52%). As for age structure, the median age of the EU population was 43.7 years while the same indicator for immigrants was 29.2 years.
In 2019, the largest number of non-EU citizens living in one of the EU Member States were 5.8 million in Germany (7 million in 2014), 3.7 million in Italy (4.9 in 2014), 3.1 million in Spain (4.7 in 2014) and 3.4 million in France (4.2 in 2014). These top 5 countries have around 70% of all non-EU citizens living in the EU.

Residence permits and reasons for issuing:
In 2019, there were 3 million first residence permits issued to non-EU citizens which is 163,000 more than in 2018. Poland issued 724,000, followed by Germany at 460,000, Spain at 320,000, France at 285,000, Italy at 176,000, Czechia at 117,000 and The Netherlands at 102,000 which total more than 77% of issued first permits. But taking into consideration the ratio between the number of first permits issued  Kingdom -108,150 and Czechia -66,442. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.228 Corresponding Author: Andrei Vladimirovich Zavialov Selection and peer-review under

Acquisition of EU citizenship:
The number of granted citizenships in 2018 were 672,300 (984,800 in 2013). Germany granted the highest number of citizenships to its residents -116,800, followed by Italy -112,500, France -110,000, Spain -90,800 and Sweden -63,800. Spain also had the highest increase in the number of citizenships granted (+24,300 comparable to 2017). This is followed by Portugal (+3,300), and Luxembourg (+2,000). Concerning the age structure of first-time asylum applicants, it should be taken into consideration that around 77.3% were less than 35 years old with the 18-34 years old category at 47% and less than 18 years old category -30.3% (7.1% of them were unaccompanied). Approximately 61.9% of asylum applicants were male.
It should be noted that the immigrant population concentrates in the large cities (Montréal, Toronto, Vancouver) which experience increases in services demands leading to concerns about the infrastructure's capability to handle the influx. Around 40% of immigrants move to the GTA (Grand Toronto Area), and this number is stable today. This is why the provinces which do not have the destination cities mentioned above, implement strategies to boost their immigration share. Statistics Canada projects that in 2031, 1/2 of the population over 15 years old will be foreign-born or have at least one foreign-born parent, and the number of visible minorities will double and consist the majority of the population in Canadian cities (Table 02).
According to the Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) Report, in 2019 Canada was 4 th of the 52 nations under study with the score of 80/100 (MIPEX, 2020).

Conclusion
The presented data show that the EU Member States succeed on integration and adaptation of migrants in absolutely different ways. Using the EU legal framework, some of them promote more rights and freedoms for migrants than others who have the minimum rights and freedoms provided by national legislation and limited by the European legislation. The question of adaptation and integration of migrants depends on many factors such as social, political, cultural, and economic which influence the decisionmaking processes in this area, this is why in 2019 EU had only 49 points out of 100 according to MIPEX.
Canada has the strongest commitment to anti-discrimination and equality, which significantly simplifies the adaptation and integration processes of immigrants. It helps newcomers and visible minorities practically obtain equal opportunities. Canada has the strongest anti-discrimination laws banning discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity, race, religion, nationality, etc. Many European Union Member States have started to use the Canadian experience in their practice. 1737 Canada has one of the best policies to attract permanent immigrants as workers with their families and works on improving the system of recognition of foreign qualifications because immigrants trained abroad are not highly addressed on the Canadian labour market. But it has to be noted that Canada has the best labour market opportunities, far better than in the EU, because it provides equal rights to work in any sector except the public service.
Immigrants in Canada have equal labour rights with nationals and they do not have to wait for 5 years to obtain permanent residence as it is in many EU Member States. If an economic immigrant satisfies the necessary criteria, she/he can obtain permanent residence faster through different immigration programs. Family members and refugees are eligible for permanent residence automatically.
Canada tries to secure the family life of the immigrant through recognising the many types of families and giving them equal rights as their sponsors. If compared with the EU Member States, many of them only start introducing basic residence security and rights if a person satisfies some general conditions. The main Canadian weakness is the current backlog as applicants have to wait for years without knowing when and if they will be reunited with their families (but it changes now since the backlog shortens).
With regard to education, the schools and universities satisfy general needs of immigrant students making the education system the 2 nd with Canada providing special language courses for immigrants in