COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TENSE VERB FORMS IN CHECHEN AND INGUSH LANGUAGES

Chechen and Ingush languages are characterized by a relatively extensive system of tense forms, especially past tenses. Both analytical and synthetic tense forms often use the linking verb ву (ду, бу, йу) “ to be ”. This auxiliary linking verb in the verb forms is partially or completely desemanized. In Nakh languages the phonemes of secondary formation уь, оь , аь , and е and their long options, as well as diphthongs ие , иэ , уо, уоь are result of phonetic changes – palatalizations and labializations of vowels of the V1 system under the influence of the vowels of the V2 system, junction of vowels and consonants, assimilations. In the modern Ingush language, palatalized rounded vowels уь and оь , characteristic of the Chechen language, are absent or observed only in the speech of the elderly, the sound оь in speech is replaced by иэ , and the sounds [уь > уй, ов/оу>уу, а > аь] . In the Ingush language, the process of depalatalization and delabialization of vowels continues, which led to the diphthongization of monophthongs and the formation of new diphthongs ( а>ие, уо>ие, а>оа, а – иэ) . Approximants [ w, (j)] , which are present as prefixes in class verbs, in particular in the Chechen language, play a huge role in phonetic processes, the influence of sound [ w ] on many phonetic changes is more noticeable, while in Ingush – the influence [ i (j) ]. The sound [u] was widely represented in the Pranakh language as a primary vowel in the verb stems of the infinitive and the present.


Introduction
The related Chechen and Ingush languages belong to the Nakh language branch of Iberian-Caucasian languages. The speakers of these languages freely understand each other without a translator.
The Chechen and Ingush languages are characterized by a relatively extensive system of tense forms, especially past tenses. All tense forms coincide in the considered languages in form, semantic content and functionality, with the exception of perfect tense, which, according to many Ingush linguists (with the exception of Barakhoeva N.M.), is not included in the Ingush language (Barakhoeva, 2012).
It should be noted that the pronunciation standards have changed significantly in the Nakh languages, which urgently requires improving spelling standards, and we know that, although late, this work is being carried out by linguists regarding the Chechen language at the initiative of the Institute of the Chechen Language.
The situation is similar with spelling standards in the Chechen language: long and short sounds are equally reflected in spelling, diphthong уо is written with о, diphthongs ие, иэ -with e.

Problem Statement
The study shows that in the considered languages there is a variety of verb forms, primarily synthetic, although to a lesser extent, there are also analytical forms, in a complex composite and future actual tense. According to Barakhoeva (2011), "a verb in the Nakh languages, being the most capacious part of speech, shows a very rich system of forms and an equally rich system of meanings" (p. 184). It should be noted that in different textbooks of both Chechen and Ingush languages the authors differently define not only the names, but also the composition of tense forms. In the Chechen language, Aliroev (2005) identifies nine tense forms of a verb: present simple / цхьалхе карара хан, complex (compound) present, recently passed, obvious past tense, past (perfect) tense, pluperfect tense, past multiple (imperfect) tense, future possible, future actual. Ozdoeva et al. (2018) define the following composition https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.202 Corresponding Author: Aza Sultanovna Tokaeva Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN:  1533 of the verb tense forms: "The Ingush verb changes according to seven tense forms: present, past imperfective, past obvious, past perfect, pluperfect, future actual, future possible" (p. 143).

Research Questions
The subject of the study includes verbs of all tense forms in the Chechen and Ingush languages, as well as phonetic processes observed in verb formation.

Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study is to compare the tense forms of a verb in the Chechen and Ingush languages taking into account the identified phonetic changes and discrepancies in verb formation, including the definition of the composition of tense forms in Chechen and Ingush, as well as the description of formal means of expressing the tense category of a verb.

Research Methods
The results of the study were obtained by a comparative method. An inductive analysis was used in the practical part of the study.

Findings
The indefinite verb form in both languages may be said to be identical in spelling: вала / вала н 1. Present Tense (habituality, repeatability; answers the question: what does smb do?) is formed by attaching the suffix -y to the infinitive of a verb, which subsequently, as a result of regressive-distance assimilation, led to the labialization of a root vowel (V1). In the Ingush language, as a result of reduction, the final vowel fell out, which led to the narrowing and diphthogization of vowels of the initial syllable (V1).

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In the first syllable of the past obvious tense, the vowels are palatalized due to the regressive assimilation of vowels V1 to the vowel [и] of the second syllable (Ch. сатта 'break' (one-time action)сеттира).

Past perfect tense (perfect, what is done?) emphasizes that the result of the action that took
place in the past is associated with present (at the moment the result is evident).

Infinitive. Past Perfect Tense
In the Chechen language, the future actual (real) is formed from the form of the future possible using the form of the present tense of the class auxiliary linking verb-ligament ву (ду, бу, йу) 'be'.
The famous Ingush linguist Barakhoeva (2011) believes that this tense form is formed as follows: The fact that this form is formed by the conjugation of the archaic participle in the independent form with the present tense form of the auxiliary да (в, й, б) / be... Continuous tense (contunative) was not indicated in the grammar textbooks of the Chechen language. Aliroev (2005) gives only the form of the present tense. (

Conclusion
Thus, in Nakh languages the secondary phonemes уь, оь, аь and е and their long variants, diphthongs ие, иэ, уо, уоь are the result of phonetic changes -palatalization and labialization of vowels of VI system under the influence of vowels of V2 system, assimilation, junction of vowels and consonants.
Both in analytical tense forms and in synthetic, the linking verb ву (ду, бу, йу) is widely used. This auxiliary linking verb in the composition of analytical and synthetic forms is partially or completely desemanized.
In the modern Ingush language, palatalized rounded vowels уь and оь characteristic of the Chechen language are absent or observed only in the speech of the elderly, the sound оь in the speech of the Ingush is replaced by иэ. As Gandaloeva (2019) , а -иэ). We observe the reduction of vowels of the first and second syllable in both languages, however, in Ingush this process is more pronounced, especially in the verb forms of the present tense and infinitive (Ing. дада (to run) -дод, дага (to burn) -дог, тыла / Ch. тила, дǝза/дуза 'to fill', дǝста/дуста 'to measure'). Besides, the gemination of consonants of the verb stem of the past perfect tense is observed in both languages.
The sound [u] as the variant of [w] was presented in the Pranakh language as a primary vowel in the outcome of the verb foundations of the infinitive and the present and it led to the formation of rounded vowels in the first syllables of words.
Semi-vowel or semi-consonant sounds [w, i (j)], which are present as prefixes in class verbs, have a large role in phonetic processes, in particular in Chechen, the influence of [w] is obvious while in Ingush it is [i (j)]. The same phonetic process was described by Tokaeva (2019) on the example of the Batsbian language, which also refers to the Nakh languages: "the consonant form of the sonant [w] may transition to [u] and back to [w], and this sound more often appears before the rounded vowels" (Tokaeva, 2014, p. 258). Similar conclusions are reached by Venhua Jin when studying qualitative changes of the phoneme /у/ in the process of complete diphthongization and transition to /wi/ in the Korean language of China (as cited in Jin, 2012).