STORYTELLING FOR MORAL EDUCATION OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN SELF-COGNITION CLASSROOM

Storytelling is one of the central teaching strategies of the 21 st century applied in moral education. Research questions: What diagnostic tools to measure moral qualities may be recommended for Self-cognition teachers in classroom? How to diagnose risk group children based on their conscientiousness and what are the ways of applying storytelling in moral development? What are the changes in learners after using targeted storytelling? The purpose of this study is to develop targeted storytelling techniques for risk group children for curriculum-oriented moral education in Self-cognition classroom, to diagnose children for the purpose of curriculum development, and pilot-test the curriculum in classroom. The study involved 102 6 th grade schoolchildren at Almaty based School 52 (aged 12). The following diagnostics tools were used: the Melnikov-Yampolsky Conscientiousness Scales, the Ilyin Method of Conscientiousness Analysis. According to the diagnosis, 32 learners (34.04%) from the sample were assigned to the risk group as part of conscientiousness diagnostics. Based on the method developed, Self-cognition unit plan consisting of 4 lessons using storytelling has been designed. The specificity of the technique, its novelty lies in the identification of learner’s problems and the selection of stories with an orientation towards the development of self-cognition value (Veracity, Right behavior, Non-violence, Peace, Love). Following the experiential work for the moral development on the basis of a special self-cognition curriculum, schoolchildren wrote essays and drew drawings. According to the learning outcomes, positive changes were observed in the schoolchildren.


Introduction
Matters of moral development of an individual have been constantly the focus of educational science. Since the inception of educational thought, a vast body of expertise and scientific understanding of individual's moral development have been accumulating. In Kazakhstani practice, since the country's independence, Self-cognition subject began its moving forward from the 2000s, and in 2010 a new Selfcognition subject was introduced into the school curriculum. It is focused on the development of the child's moral qualities and values. The core objective of the subject is to teach learners to see universal human values in their actions and deeds, moreover, to do new things, capturing them through the lens of the values of Love, Veracity, Right Behaviour, Non-Violence, Peace (inner harmony) (Mukazhanova & Omarova, 2013). Thus, the school subject of 'Self-cognition' expands philosophical approaches in the development of the educational system. For instance, if traditional subjects are more focused on the building of knowledge, skills, and competencies of learners, this subject expands the foundations and academic achievements of learners by focusing on the meanings, values of schoolchildren, their good deeds and moral qualities, wholesome development of behavior strategies and images, motives, and lifestyle. For this subject, no grades are assigned to schoolchildren; mastery of the subject is assessed in 'pass/fail' format, driven by the virtually impossibility to design an assessment rubric for the acquisition of values. Therefore, teachers have to seek for new ways of how to stimulate children's interest in the subject, in the moral development of the 'self' from an early age, at a transitional age, in youth. Selfcognition subject is of integrated nature and it called a metasubject. Earlier we wrote (Mynbayeva et al., 2019) that integrated subjects are also taught in other countries, for instance, in South Korea, integrated lessons of 'Proper life', 'Pleasant life', 'Smart life' (Pak Su Chin, 2007), in Japan there is a Moral Education course (Kozachina, 2018) and others. In our opinion, Self-cognition subject is akin to these oriental practices, moreover, by its name 'Self-Cognition' focuses on the development of individual's 'Self-concept' Since it is a new subject in educational practices, it taps into innovative teaching techniques and strategies. The school lesson includes the following phases (Mukazhanova & Omarova, 2013;Mynbayeva et al., 2016): shaping a positive attitude, delivering lesson quotes, conversation or storytelling, creative and group work activities, singing songs, etc. Grigorovich (2003) defines morality as a personality trait that combines such qualities and properties as kindness, decency, discipline, collectivism". Spirituality and morality demonstrate concurrent relations, so it may be difficult to clearly separate these concepts. For instance, Petrakova (1999,2016) believes that there exists a connection between the concepts of 'spirituality' and 'morality':

Morality, spirituality and moral education theories
'Norms and principles of morality are the facets of spirituality. If spirituality characterizes the higher, 'vertical' aspirations of an individual, then morality is the domain of 'horizontal' aspirations: the relations with others and society. That is, morality is stemming from spirituality being its extrinsic manifestation.
In pedagogical practices, spirituality may be defined as a manifestation of 'the humane in a human'.
Having reviewed the literature, we operationalized the concepts as follows: morality means the ability to https://doi.org/10.15405/epiceepsy.20111.2 Corresponding Author: Aigerim Mynbayeva Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference 14 autonomously make the correct moral choice, to subordinate ones deeds and behavior to it, being aware of the responsibility to people; spirituality means an internal state, humane feelings and emotions that urge an individual to commit moral deeds.
Spiritual and moral qualities of an individual, (1) according to Suholentseva (2013), are a set of accepted and moral norms well acquired by an individual, principles and rules that, under the influence of arising humane feelings, are applied voluntarily and appropriately; according to Sopova (2014), value characteristics of an individual orientated towards the self-(self-education, self-improvement), marked by a moral dominant, expressing consistently positive attitudes towards the world, others and oneself, according to Manerko (2011), socially significant (value-based) characteristics (traits) of the spiritual world, as well as behavior, communication and activities, marked by a moral dominant and allowing to realize one's inner potential, status and prosocial role as a citizen and patriot of the country and as a defender of one's Fatherland Following the review, let us clarify the definition as follows 'the spiritual and moral qualities of an individual are the personal, value-based and socially significant traits of an individual that determine his/her Right behavior in society, a positive attitude towards others, oneself, expressed in the development of moral norms and principles, the aspiration for spiritual selfdevelopment' .
In pedagogical thought and science, there exist different traditions and theories of moral, spiritual education, and human decency.
The reflection of moral education theories in the European tradition may be found in the works of Comenius, Kant, Herbert and others. Analysis of the Comenius's method of moral education allows us to emphasize the focus on the development of the underlying 'cardinal' virtues of 'wisdom, moderation, courage and justice'. Such understanding of the basic virtues was historically laid down in Ancient Greece. To strengthen and cement them in an individual according to Comenius (2003), 'personal example', 'positive environment', 'labor education' may be used.
One proponent of pedagogical science, Herbart suggested that moral education should take place through the formation of discipline in a child (Konstantinov, 1981). As Xiaoman (2006) points out, moral education is the essence of education and any true teaching activities have educational meaning, that is, the aim of them is to cultivate one's mind. The primary goal is to shape human morals (Dzhurinsky, 2016). In the western tradition of the twentieth century, Colbert's theories of moral development, selfdetermination theory by Eisenberg and others (Kaur,2015) are known. The pedagogical concepts consider the axiological and value-semantic approach with the 'Golden rule of morality', going back to the ancient Greek views of philosophers about virtues. Medves (2018) summarizes the triad of key ideas behind moral education as follows: (1)'The Golden Rule' -'Treat others as you want to be treated', or 'do not treat others in ways that you would not like to be treated', (2) Aristotle's Doctrine of the Mean, (3) Kant's Categorical Imperative -'act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal'; or 'act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end'.
In the domestic tradition, we will focus on only two concepts. Eastern philosophers, adhering to the ancient Greek ones, singled out the moral virtues of society and human. Abu Nasr al-Farabi  in the Middle Ages (9-10th century) wrote a treatise on the 'virtuous city', where would the virtuous https: //doi.org/10.15405/epiceepsy.20111.2 Corresponding Author: Aigerim Mynbayeva Selection and peer-review under (2019), is a piece of matter. Al-Farabi emphasized the importance of upbringing and education for an individual him/herself, for the moral and intellectual development, in order to become a happy person ('The Attainment of Happiness'). According to Abu Nasr al-Farabi (2019), the virtues are of two kinds, ethical and rational. The rational virtues are the virtues of the rational part, such as wisdom, intellect, cleverness, readiness of wit, excellence of understanding.
The ethical virtues are the virtues if the appetitive part, such as temperance, bravery, generosity, justice.
In his works, Abu Nasr al-Farabi (2019) adopts the Aristotelian concept of the "mean" (translated in some sources as 'Aristotle's The Doctrine of the Mean) or the 'middle way', mean states of the soul. Hence the idea of the value of Moderation in many qualities, 'unity-in-contradiction', ambivalence of the 'good and evil' and the search for a golden mean is obvious. In order to find the middle it is important for a human to think, engage in a cognitive process, since it is the key to the internal labor of an individual at him/herself. Here is what Abu Nasr al-Farabi said: "actions which are good deeds are the moderate, mean actions between two extremes, both of which are bad, the one excess and the other defect. And similarly the virtues, for they are mean states and qualities of the soul between two other states, both of which are vices, the one excessive and the other defective (al-Farabi, 1961, p.34, as cited in Abu Nasr al-Farabi, 2019. "Generosity is a mean between parsimony and prodigality. Bravery is a mean between rashness and cowardice. Wit is a mean in jesting and play and so forth between imprudence and unruliness, and severity. Courtesy is a mean between haughtiness, boasting and swagger. Forbearance is a mean between excessive anger, and the state in which one never becomes angry at anything. Friendliness is a mean between odiousness and flattery. And so on" (al-Farabi, 1952, p. 101, as cited in Abu Nasr al-Farabi, 2019).
Currently, the school uses 'Self-cognition' as the concept of moral and spiritual education, developed under the leadership of Nazarbayeva. A full presentation of the conceptual foundations may be found in the works of Omarova (2013, 2016), Omarova et al. (2016). The concept highlights the universal values behind 'Self-cognition', namely, 'Veracity' (Veracity is an understanding of the unity of all that exists, acceptance of reality as it is), 'Love' (an individual's positive energy, hence his/her positive choice), 'Right behavior' (to awaken the ability inherent in each individual to discern and hear the voice of Conscience), 'Peace' (to control feelings one should first calm the mind), 'Nonviolence' (to try not to harm anyone; understand that all creatures have feelings and the right to life) (Mukazhanova & Omarova, 2013). Let us now dwell on the concept of a wholesome individual and the identification of facets or levels in it   (Figure 01). In each individual, in his/her Self-concept, one can distinguish 'the bodily self', the 'emotional self', the 'mental self' (knowledge of an individual, or as we say, his/her educational attainment), the 'rational self' (level of reason, reflections of an individual, ethical distinctions), the 'spiritual self'. Let us explain that the level of intelligence, as emphasized by the authors, in the case of an individual's inner work, value work on oneself, becomes the key in an individual's movement towards spirituality (the key turns 'upwards'), or with the predominance of his egocentric features (the key turns 'downwards') -regression. The task of modern teachers, including Self-cognition teachers, is to nourish not only the bodily, emotional, mental facets of an individual, as well as to activate the 'level of reflection/discrimination', in other words, internal spiritual labor, with a focus on the universal human values of Veracity, Love, Right behavior, Peace, Nonviolence. In our opinion, this theory has intersection points with many theories, including Johann Herbart's theory of moral education. Analysis and comparison of Herbart's concepts and the 'levels of individual's self' allows getting a better idea of the differences in the 'mental educational attainment' and the 'level of value differentiation'. That is, an intelligent person, an educated person knows what it is to manage knowledge, think, compare, analyze, and generalize it. These are the analytical skills and the work of the 'brain'. At a more advanced level, a stepping-stone to the spiritual level with the help of intellect, or reflection, is to operate with value-based thinking with the inclusion of the 'heart'. Conventionally, we can say that Herbart puts precisely morality higher than education itself, in other words, than learning, in the modern sense -education, the amount of learned, internalized knowledge. However, advancement to spirituality requires self-awareness and a value-oriented mind.
Storytelling and conversations are viewed as the tools for value-based reflection in Self-cognition classroom used in the school. The subject's technique encompasses active discussion of the stories told, asking open-ended questions.

Storytelling and narrative theories
The study of the concept of storytelling has demonstrated that the term is an interdisciplinary construct, used as a modern tool in many sciences and operational domains. In addition to pedagogy and psychology, it is especially actively used in marketing, management (establishing organizational culture in firms), journalism, cinematography, political science, etc. Storytelling -(1) according to Todorova (2014), is understood as a 'modern form of 'telling stories'a communication, pop and marketing strategy, which employs the entire potential of speaking'; (2) according to Novichkova and Vokresenskaya (2014), organizational storytelling is a management tool that is used to understand, interpret and disseminate values, norms, rules and principles of organizational culture through the use of corporate stories, myths, legends, (3) according to Starichenko (2015), storytelling is 'a marketing  (2017) which posits that 'storytelling is a pedagogical technique, built on the use of stories with a specific structure and an interesting hero, which is aimed at resolving pedagogical issues of upbringing, development and education'. Based on the analysis of definitions, we emphasize that the 'key' to discovering the essence of storytelling is the terms of 'values' and 'meanings'.
In fact, storytelling is a creative process, as it is associated with the artistic word, the art of composing stories and sharing them. We emphasize that while storytelling is about telling or retelling famous stories, it is also about inventing new ones. Most often, it is obvious that new stories will reflect the elements of an individual's personal experience or imagination.
Storytelling in didactics is a traditional teaching strategy, according to Podlasy (1996); it is referred to verbal teaching strategies, which has emerged since ancient times. We also focus on the essence of modern scientific approaches to the creation of stories.
Composing stories as storytelling is subject to different theories and concepts, in particular, the narrative approach and narrative psychology, Mead's theory of social interactionism, Jung's theory of archetypes, and others.
The narrative approach. Polkinghorne (1988) distinguished between key meanings of the narrative in social sciences and narrative in a broader sense is any written or oral narrative, and narrative in the narrow sense is a scheme for organizing experience (for instance, Labov's model) (Johnstone, 2016) that includes certain components. More often than not, the word 'narrative' is used simply as a synonym for the word 'story' or 'short story' (Barskiy, 2017). From the point of view of narrative psychology, 'an individual is treated as a text' (Trotsuk, 2004), in other words, individuals produce abundant texts over the lifetime -oral, written, internal or reflected on paper, electronic media, etc. Narrative is a story, with the help of which the subject constructs his/her self and maintains his/her integrity (Berger & Luckmann, 1995). Kadyrova (2012) summarized the narrative essence of storytelling, the main theses of which are given in this article: '1) Reality is shaped by language and transmitted in narratives that are told by people to one another. The subject constructs his/herself and maintains his/her identity with the help of narratives, relying on the discourses prevailing in the culture, which are considered as texts obtained by interaction. 2) Narrative is a logically coherent, time-ordered text that helps organize the subject's personal experience. 3) Narrative analysis allows displaying the psychological reality hidden in the text. of an individual that make up the content of the common human 'collective unconscious' and spontaneously inform human thought and behavior (Jung, 2020(Jung, , 2019. The self is the most salient archetype in Jung's theory. The self is the core of an individual around which all other elements are organized. It is when the integration of all aspects of the soul is accomplished; an individual may feel unity, harmony and integrity. Thus, by telling a story, a learner not only build knowledge, but more importantly, conveys and interprets meanings and values, behavioral strategies, lifestyle that are important from the standpoint of personal experience, and through them advances to his/her selfactualization. In our opinion, the work with human values and meanings is also associated with the development of intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence in schoolchildren according to the typology of Gardner. It is obvious that while Self-cognition subject contributes to moral education, it is also important in the enhancement of interpersonal and intrapersonal skills. The task of the teacher is to create conditions for the positive self-actualization of an individual.

Problem Statement
Self-cognition subject is focused on moral development of an individual, its philosophical construct is secular and connected with the foundations of humanistic psychology of Frankl, Rogers, Kohlberg (as cited in Mukazhanova & Omarova, 2016), humane pedagogy of Amanoshvili (as cited in Omarova et al., 2016); value orientations of ethnopedagogy, etc. This study continued investigating new approaches and methods of children's moral education and development. One of the many goals a teacher should accomplish is to diagnose situations, to identify potential value deviations, distortions, and even value deformations in the development of a child for his/her full positive self-actualization. Hence, the following questions arose: Are there available tools to measure moral qualities in a child that can be applied by teachers? How can storytelling be used in a targeted manner? Let us now coherently state the research questions.

Research Questions
What tools for the diagnostics of spiritual and moral qualities may be recommended for Selfcognition in classroom? How should a conscientiousness-based diagnostics of the risk group children be

Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to develop targeted storytelling techniques for risk group children for curriculum-oriented moral education in Self-cognition classroom, diagnose children for curriculum development, and pilot-test school curriculum. Research objectives are as follows: (1) diagnostics of spiritual and moral qualities, namely conscientiousness; (2) targeted identification of schoolchildren's problems and determination of the corresponding value of Self-cognition subject for moral development; (3) curriculum design incorporating storytelling.

Research Methods
Research design included two parts: theoretical and practical. In the first part, we analyzed the definitions of the constructs of 'morality' and 'spirituality', theory of moral education, examined theoretical underpinnings of storytelling for subsequent use in moral education, developed a step-by-step technique or designed a process of shaping the spiritual and moral qualities in 'risk group' learners. In the second part, the spiritual and moral attainment in schoolchildren, 6 th grade learners, was diagnosed using the Melnikov-Yampolsky Conscientiousness Scales (Ilyin, 2016), the Ilyin Method of Conscientiousness Analysis (Ilyin, 2001); designed a storytelling curriculum for Self-cognition lessons in accordance with the 'risky responses' of the learners, which was subsequently tested in classroom.
The Conscientiousness Scales are designed to assess the degree of respect for moral standards and ethical requirements. Individuals with a high value of conscientiousness factor are characterized by the traits affecting their motivated behavior, such as a sense of responsibility, conscientiousness, strength of moral principles. How they behave is guided by a sense of duty, they strictly observe ethical standards; always strive to conform to social expectations, whereby their high conscientiousness is usually combined with good self-control. The second applied tool is the Method of Conscientiousness Analysis developed by Ilyin, which is aimed at identifying an individual's propensity to feel guilty. When drafting the questionnaire, we were borrowed some constructs from the Bass-Darkie method (

Findings
Questioning how spiritual and moral qualities may be diagnosed, we found several diagnostic tests in the psychological literature. For instance, in Ilyin's (2001Ilyin's ( , 2016  The experimental work included three stages: diagnostic, formative, and control (Isaeva & Taubayeva,2000). The diagnostic study was carried out at Almaty-based School No. 52 with 102 6 th grade learners, aged 12. Individuals with a high value of conscientiousness factor are characterized by such traits of an individual that affect the motivation of behavior, such as a sense of responsibility, conscientiousness, strength of moral principles. The results for the two tests are presented in Table 01 below. Following discussion with an expert group consisting of the scholars of the department, we have developed a single scale (Table 02), in which the 'low' level obtained at least in one test assigns the overall low level. The learners, who received a low-level result, were conditionally attributed to 'risk group' schoolchildren, since their results ought to be monitored. Of 102 of sixth grade learners on the overall scale of the two methods, 32 learners can be identified as 'risk group' children (Table 03). This represents 34.04% of the learners. Of 102 people showing low spiritual and moral attainment, 6.25% were in 6 'A', 18.75% in 6 'B', 12.5% in 6 'C', 34.375% in 6 'D', 28.125% in 6 'E'. Thus, the largest number of 'risk group' learners were found in 6 'D' (Figure 02). In the course of treating the results of the Conscientiousness Scales diagnostics, we have revealed that the largest number of learners with low indicators of spiritual and moral attainment were in 6 'D' grade, respectively, a formative stage ought to be carried out there using our technique.
To work with the schoolchildren, we have developed a targeted storytelling procedure including organizing the process of shaping the spiritual and moral qualities in 'risk group' learners, as summarized in

Aim:
Shaping spiritual and moral qualities in 'risk group' learners using the storytelling procedure in Self-cognition classroom Objectives: • to diagnose the spiritual and moral attainment in learners; • to analyze and process diagnostic results; • based on the diagnostics results, select a targeted teaching strategy; • to develop a self-cognition lesson outline using the storytelling procedure. Diagnostic toolkit: The Melnikov-Yampolsky Conscientiousness Scales and the Ilyin Method of Conscientiousness Analysis

Procedures and techniques
Step 1. Diagnosing the spiritual and moral attainment in learners using the methods of Melnikov-Yampolsky and Ilyin; Step 2. Identifying the learners attributed to 'risk group' children according the diagnostics results; Treatment of diagnostic results and analysis of learner responses.
Step 3. Identifying the most 'risky responses', 'problematic areas' in 'risk group' learners, and selection of stories for the design of Self-Cognition material; Step 4. Developing and selecting digital storytelling form. Conducting a sequence of Self-Cognition lessons using the storytelling procedure and digital storytelling forms for the 'risk group' leaners. In case of low efficiency for a particular child, oneto-one work with such learners ought to be strengthened; Step 5. Follow up on the spiritual and moral attainment in learners. Revealing the changes in the spiritual and moral attainment in learners pre-and post lessons using the storytelling procedure. Analysis of the results. Reflection Having analyzed the responses of the learners, and having determined the 'risky responses', we have developed Self-cognition lessons using storytelling (Table 04).
According to the Ilyin Method of Conscientiousness Analysis, we attribute the following most frequent responses of the learners to the 'risky responses', for instance: 1. As a child, when I hurt someone or grabbed toys from others, I have never looked back on it.
(positive answer) 2. When I do wrong, I don't tend to suffer from pricks of conscience (negative answer) 3. I end up doing a lot of things that often make me feel regretful (positive answer) For such 'risky responses' of the learners, we have specifically developed some techniques to be used in Self-cognition classroom, selected the following stories 'The wisdom of the neighbor', 'Who is tenderer?', 'The coin', 'The heavy load of resentment', prepared open-ended questions, and used various storytelling forms. It should be noted, that the stories were selected through the prism of Self-cognition value, as presented in Table 05. After four lessons, the learners were assigned with a creative task. https://doi.org/10.15405/epiceepsy.20111.2 Corresponding Author: Aigerim Mynbayeva Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference 24 At the control stage, in order to detect the changes in the spiritual and moral attainment in 'risk group' learners, the task was to write an essay or make illustrations on the following topics: The beauty of the human soul'; 'My household choirs'.
Having examined the creative works of the learners, we assessed them by distributing across three levels of spiritual and moral attainment, namely, high, average, and low level. According to the data obtained, in 9 out of 11 learners the spiritual and moral attainment has increased from low to average level, which makes 81.81% of the total number of 'risk group' learners of a particular grade (Figure 03). Below are some excerpts from the creative works of 'risk group' learners, the moral attainment of which, at the control stage, has been estimated as 'average' and 'high' (table 06).

Discussion
The purpose of our study was to develop a targeted storytelling technique for risk group schoolchildren for curriculum-oriented moral education in Self-cognition classroom, diagnostics of schoolchildren for curriculum development, and pilot testing the curriculum in classroom. Currently, we are actively studying international practices in moral education. For instance, Kaur (2015) points out that 'In most studies on teaching strategies for curriculum-oriented moral education we found the following elements: problem-based learning, working in groups, discussions, and using subject topics incorporating moral issues, dilemmas and values'. There is other kind of moral education in the UK, the US, which are generalized, Halstead and Pike (2006), Joseph and Efron (2005

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(2018) argues that the true meaning of value only unfolds in public discourse, and not in inner, internalized and subjective reflections, which are limited by the self, we believe that the inner work of the learner is significant, and, in our opinion, it is possible to blend the methods. The diagnostics results, received by learners as part of a face-to-face feedback session may stimulate further thinking and inner work. Moreover, by doing so, teachers contribute to the development of the intrapersonal intelligence in schoolchildren.

Conclusion
Targeted storytelling techniques imply a well-structured set of activities and tools used for solving practical problems inherent to moral education. This includes a clear goal, procedures, diagnostics, sequence of actions, specific steps, and stages aimed at identifying the values in thoughts and deeds, and behavior of a child. We recommend that teachers use the Conscientiousness Scales, the Method of Conscientiousness Analysis as well as the targeted storytelling technique as easy to use diagnostics tools.
In the future, we plan to further direct our research interest towards the active use of both other diagnostic tools aimed at spiritual and moral development from the psychological science, and application of storytelling in children's writing activities with the identification of self-cognition values. For this, we have already developed the following new activities, 'Three shots', 'My hobby', launched the storyboard method, etc. It can be observed that changes are taking place in approaches in modern pedagogy, through a shift towards values and meanings, more precisely, towards self-actualization of a child by identifying learner values and meanings in what they do, how they live and how the learner-teacher discourse unfolds